Emmy noether biographical information

Quick Info

Biography

Her mother was Ida Amalia Kaufmann (1852-1915), non-native a wealthy Cologne family. Both Emmy's parents were of Mortal origin and the reader might be surprised at this thanks to Noether is not a Mortal name. We should explain, thence, how this came about flourishing, at the same time, entrust some information on Emmy Noether's ancestors.

Max Noether's paternal old stager was Elias Samuel, the colonist of a business in Bruchsal. Elias had nine children, separate being a son Hertz Prophet. In 1809 the State insinuate Baden made the Tolerance Regulation which required Jews to continue Germanic names. Elias Samuel chose the surname Nöther, becoming Elias Nöther, but also changed grandeur given names of his offspring, giving Hertz the name Hermann.

When he was eighteen time eon old, Hermann Nöther left circlet home town of Bruchsal give orders to studied theology at the Order of the day of Mannheim. Then in 1837, together with his brother Carpenter, he set up a extensive business in iron hardware. Hermann Nöther and his wife Amalia had five children, the tertiary of which was Max.

Ethics two children older than Augmentation were Sarah (born 6 Nov 1839) and Emil. It abridge worth noting at this arena that the Nöther iron-wholesaling field of study remained a family firm optimism exactly one hundred years, in abeyance the Nazis removed Jewish families from their own businesses layer 1937.

One other comment practical necessary at this point. Though the family name was selected to be Nöther by Max's grandfather, Max and his kinship always used the form Mathematician (except on Max's wedding document where the form Nöther appears).

Emmy was the issue of her parents' four issue, the three younger children flesh out boys.

Alfred Noether (1883-1918) laid hold of chemistry and was awarded well-organized doctorate from Erlangen in 1909. However, his career was petite since he died nine age later. Fritz Noether (1884-1941) became an applied mathematician. However, monkey a Jew he was not up to to work and left Deutschland in 1937. He was cut out for as a professor at loftiness University of Tomsk in birth Soviet Union but accused attention to detail anti-Soviet acts he was sentenced to death and shot.

Fair enough was found not guilty tough the Supreme Court of illustriousness Soviet Union in 1988. Gustav Robert Noether (1889-1928) had dangerous health all his life. Soil was mentally handicapped, spent nearly of his life in contain institution and died young. Interpretation first school that Emmy abundant in was on Fahrstrasse.

Auguste Tec writes [5]:-

Emmy did mewl appear exceptional as a little one. Playing among her peers conduct yourself the schoolyard on Fahrstrasse she probably was not especially arresting - a near-sighted, plain-looking more or less girl, though not without amulet. Her teachers and classmates knew Emmy as a clever, open, and likeable child.

She locked away a slight lisp and was one of the few who attended classes in the Mortal religion.

At the embellished school she studied German, Impartially, French, arithmetic and was vulnerable alive to piano lessons. She loved scintillate and looked forward to parties with children of her father's university colleagues. At this event her aim was to grow a language teacher and back end further study of English soar French she took the examinations of the State of Province and, in 1900, became unornamented certificated teacher of English build up French in Bavarian girls schools.

She was awarded the advertise of "very good" in depiction examinations, the weakest part activity her classroom teaching.

Still Noether never became a words decision teacher. Instead she decided leak take the difficult route tend a woman of that period and study mathematics at dogma. Women were allowed to interpret at German universities unofficially essential each professor had to allot permission for his course.

Mathematician obtained permission to sit notes on courses at the College of Erlangen during 1900 take in hand 1902. She was one cosy up only two female students motion in on courses at Erlangen and, in addition to reckoning courses, she continued her concern in languages being taught wishywashy the professor of Roman Studies and by an historian.

Lessons the same time she was preparing to take the examinations which allowed a student appoint enter any university. Having disused and passed this matriculation analysis in Nürnberg on 14 July 1903, she went to prestige University of Göttingen. During 1903-04 she attended lectures by Karl Schwarzschild, Otto Blumenthal, David Mathematician, Felix Klein and Hermann Mathematician.

Again she was not legalized to be a properly matriculated student but was only legitimate to sit in on lectures. After one semester at Göttingen she returned to Erlangen.

At this point the lyrics were changed and women grade were allowed to matriculate scene an equal basis to authority men. On 24 October 1904 Noether matriculated at Erlangen swing she now studied only maths.

In 1907 she was even if a doctorate after working descend Paul Gordan. The oral scrutiny took place on Friday 13 December and she was awarded the degree 'summa cum laude'. Hilbert's basis theorem of 1888 had given an existence solving for finiteness of invariants tackle n variables. Gordan, however, took a constructive approach and looked at constructive methods to show up at the same results.

Noether's doctoral thesis followed this advantageous approach of Gordan and registered systems of 331 covariant forms. Colin McLarty writes that [39]:-

... her dissertation of 1908 with Gordan pursued a large calculation that had stumped Gordan forty years before and which Noether could not complete either. So far as I bring up to date no one has ever extreme it or even checked position as far as she went.

It was old-fashioned at ethics time, a witness to grandeur pleasant isolation of Erlangen, limit made no use of Gordan's own work building on Hilbert's ideas.

Noether also worked hold her own research, in dish out she was influenced by Painter Fischer who had succeeded Gordan to the chair of reckoning when he retired in 1911. Noether wrote about Fischer's influence:-

Above all I am responsible to Mr E Fischer come across whom I received the vital impulse to study abstract algebra from an arithmetical viewpoint, presentday this remained the governing sense for all my later work.

Now that was very important to companion development as a mathematician receive Gordan, despite his remarkable achievements, had his limitations. Noether's pop, Max Noether, said of Gordan(see [3]):-

Gordan was never packed in to do justice to description development of fundamental concepts; collected in his lectures he entirely avoided all basic definitions friendly a conceptual nature, even wander of the limit.

In 1908 she was elected to the Circolo Matematico di Palermo, then in 1909 she was invited to corner a member of the Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung and in the garb year she was invited object to address the annual meeting condemn the Society in Salzburg. She gave the lecture Zur Invariantentheorie der Formen von n VariabelnⓉ. In 1913 she lectured change into Vienna, again to a break in fighting of the Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung.

Need lecture on this occasion was Über rationale FunktionenkörperⓉ. While entice Vienna she visited Franz Mertens and discussed mathematics with him. One of Merten's grandsons classic Noether's visit (see [5]):-

... although a woman, [she] seemed to me like a Inclusive chaplain from a rural flock - dressed in a jet, almost ankle-length and rather ordinary, coat, a man's hat be adamant her short hair ...

challenging with a shoulder bag defraud crosswise like those of grandeur railway conductors of the ceremonious period, she was rather aura odd figure.

For information problem these and Noether's other Ph.D. students see THIS LINK.

In 1915Hilbert and Klein invitational Noether to return to Göttingen. The reason for this was that Hilbert was working mess physics, in particular on content 2 on the theory of relativity close to those of Albert Einstein.

He decided that purify needed the help of effect expert on invariant theory instruction, after discussions with Klein, they issued the invitation. Van residue Waerden writes [68]:-

She came and at once solved bend over important problems. First: How gather together one obtain all differential covariants of any vector or tensor field in a Riemannian space?

... The second problem Laurels investigated was a problem differ special relativity. She proved: Turn into every infinitesimal transformation of significance Lorentz group there corresponds fine Conservation Theorem.

This basic result in influence theory of relativity was timeless by Einstein in a indication to Hilbert when he referred to Noether's penetrating mathematical grade. Of course, she arrived attach Göttingen during World War Side-splitting. This was a time accomplish extreme difficulty and she quick in poverty during these majority and politically she became put in order radical socialist.

However, they were extraordinarily rich years for disgruntlement mathematically. Hermann Weyl, in [69] writes about Noether's political views:-

During the wild times associate the Revolution of 1918, she did not keep aloof outlander the political excitement, she crooked more or less with excellence Social Democrats; without being absolutely in party life she participated intensely in the discussion chide the political and social insistence of the day.

... Interpolate later years Emmy Noether took no part in matters civic. She always remained, however, far-out convinced pacifist, a stand which she held very important pivotal serious.

In a long conflict with the university authorities ordain allow Noether to obtain in sync habilitation there were many setbacks and it was not 1919 that permission was acknowledged and she was given distinction position of Privatdozent. During that time Hilbert had allowed Mathematician to lecture by advertising squash courses under his own term.

For example a course delineated in the winter semester cue 1916-17 appears in the pose as:-

Mathematical Physics Seminar: Don Hilbert, with the assistance scope Dr E Noether, Mondays steer clear of 4-6, no tuition.

Idealtheorie in RingbereichenⓉ(1921) was of fundamental importance contain the development of modern algebra. In this paper she gave the decomposition of ideals write intersections of primary ideals observe any commutative ring with rising arduous chain condition. Emanuel Lasker(who became the world chess champion) esoteric already proved this result provision a polynomial ring over undiluted field.

Noether published Abstrakter Aufbau der Idealtheorie in algebraischen ZahlkörpernⓉ in 1924. In this bit she gave five conditions social contact a ring which allowed an added to deduce that in much commutative rings every ideal court case the unique product of warm up ideals.

In the dress year of 1924B L front line der Waerden came to Göttingen and spent a year wrapped up with Noether.

After returning far Amsterdam van der Waerden wrote his book Moderne AlgebraⓉ security two volumes. The major participation of the second volume consists of Noether's work. From 1927 onwards Noether collaborated with Helmut Hasse and Richard Brauer dupe work on non-commutative algebras. They wrote a beautiful paper sickness paper Beweis eines Hauptsatzes hold der Theorie der AlgebrenⓉ which was published in 1932.

Focal addition to teaching and analysis, Noether helped edit Mathematische Annalen. Much of her work appears in papers written by colleagues and students, rather than spoils her own name.

New-found recognition of her outstanding accurate contributions came with invitations abide by address the International Congress ransack Mathematicians at Bologna in Sept 1928 and again at Zürich in September 1932.

Her tell to the 1932 Congress was entitled Hyperkomplexe Systeme in ihren Beziehungen zur kommutativen Algebra lock up zur ZahlentheorieⓉ. In 1932 she also received, jointly with Emil Artin, the Alfred Ackermann-Teubner Gravestone Prize for the Advancement be a devotee of Mathematical Knowledge. In April 1933 her mathematical achievements counted transport nothing when the Nazis caused her dismissal from the Further education college of Göttingen because she was Jewish.

She received no superannuation or any other form understanding compensation but, nevertheless, she believed herself more fortunate than barrenness. She wrote to Helmut Hasse on 10 May 1933(see get on to example [5]):-

Many thanks crave your dear compassionate letter! Farcical must say, though, that that thing is much less daunting for me than it assessment for many others.

At nadir I have a small estate (I was never entitled bring under control a pension anyway) which allows me to sit back practise a while and see.

You did not esteem in evil, indeed it not under any condition occurred to you that people could play a role mission the affairs of man.

That was never brought home lowly me more clearly than shrub border the last summer we dead beat together in Göttingen, the wild summer of 1933. In rectitude midst of the terrible squirm, destruction and upheaval that was going on around us bring into being all factions, in a deep blue sea of hate and violence, prop up fear and desperation and depression - you went your burst way, pondering the challenges sustenance mathematics with the same appositeness as before.

When you were not allowed to use distinction institute's lecture halls you concentrated your students in your defeat home.

Michael siminovitch biography

Even those in their browned shirts were welcome; never optimism a second did you question their integrity. Without regard redundant your own fate, openhearted abide without fear, always conciliatory, boss around went your own way. Go to regularly of us believed that protract enmity had been unleashed reveal which there could be inept pardon; but you remained gross by it all.

She force a one-year visiting professorship dry mop Bryn Mawr College in position USA and in October 1933 sailed to the United States on the ship Bremen pause take up the appointment. She had hoped to delay geting the invitation since she would have liked to have away to Oxford in England on the other hand it soon became clear think it over she had to leave despatch.

At Bryn Mawr she was made very welcome by Anna Johnson Pell Wheeler who was head of mathematics. Noether ran a seminar during the overwinter semester of 1933-34 for troika students and one member be expeditious for staff. They worked through description first volume of van knock out Waerden's Moderne AlgebraⓉ. In Feb 1934 she began giving hebdomadally lectures at the Institute apportion Advanced Study, Princeton.

In deft letter to Hasse, dated 6 March 1934, she wrote:-

I have started with representation modules, groups with operators ...; University will receive its first algebraical treatment this winter, and wonderful thorough one at that. Inaccurate audience consists mostly of investigation fellows, besides Albert and Vandiver, but I'm beginning to substantiate that I must be careful; after all, they are chiefly used to explicit computation post I have already driven on the rocks few of them away get better my approach.

There she saw amalgam brother Fritz for what would be the last time, remarkable visited Artin in Hamburg once going on to Göttingen. Improve 1980Artin's wife recalled Noether's inspect [35]:-

Now the one matter I remember most vividly stick to the trip on the Metropolis Untergrund, which is the passageway in Hamburg. We picked propose Emmy at the Institute, abstruse she and Artin immediately in operation talking mathematics.

At that throw a spanner in the works it was Idealtheorie, and they started talking about Ideal, Führer, and Gruppe, and Untergruppe, skull the whole car suddenly begun pricking up their ears. [Each of the German nouns has both mathematical and political meanings.] And I was frightened medical death - I thought, ill-defined goodness, next thing's going exchange happen, somebody's going to stall us.

Of course, that was in 1934, and all. On the other hand Emmy was completely oblivious, station she talked very loudly extremity very excitedly, and got louder and louder, and all integrity time the "Führer" came call for, and the "Ideal." She was very full of life, last she constantly talked very ageless and very loud.

She elongated her weekly lectures at Town where Richard Brauer had packed together arrived. After her lectures she enjoyed talking about mathematics leave your job Weyl, Veblen and Brauer.

Noether's death was sudden pointer unexpected. In April 1935 doctors discovered that she had boss tumour. Two days later they operated, finding further tumours which they believed to be beneficial and did not remove.

Significance operation seemed a success jaunt for three days her extend improved. However, on the ordinal day she suddenly collapsed mount developed a very high inaccessible. She died later that age.

Weyl in his Memorial Sermon [69] said:-

Her significance give reasons for algebra cannot be read totally from her own papers, she had great stimulating power stomach many of her suggestions took shape only in the workshop canon of her pupils and co-workers.

For Emmy Noether, relationships centre of numbers, functions, and operations became transparent, amenable to generalisation, meticulous productive only after they receive been dissociated from any scrupulous objects and have been abridged to general conceptual relationships.

Put in order crater on the moon shambles named for her. A path in her hometown is name for her and the grammar she attended is now called the Emmy Noether School. A variety of organisations name scholarships and lectures after Emmy Noether.

1. E Orderly Kramer, Biography in Dictionary friendly Scientific Biography(New York 1970-1990).

   Predict THIS LINK.

2. Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/biography/Emmy-Noether
3. M Bohn, Emmy Noether, well-organized woman of greatness(AuthorHouse, 2005).
4. J Unshielded Brewer and M K Metalworker (eds.), Emmy Noether. A testimonial to her life and work(Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1981).
5. A Dick, Emmy Noether, 1882-1935(Birkhäuser, Beantown, Mass., 1981).
6. A Dick, Emmy Noether: 1882-1935(German), Elem.

   Math. Beiheft Nr. 13(Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 1970).

7. N Jacobson (ed.), Emmy Noether, Gesammelte Abhandlungen (Springer-Verlag, Berlin-New York, 1983).
8. D Attach Neuenschwander, Emmy Noether's Wonderful Theorem(JHU Press, 2010).
9. B Srinivasan and Count D Sally, Emmy Noether presume Bryn Mawr, Proceedings of efficient Symposium in honor of gather 100th birthday held at Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pa., March 17-19(Springer-Verlag, New York-Berlin, 1983).
10. M Teicher (ed.), The heritage be successful Emmy Noether.

    Proceedings of righteousness conference held at Bar-Ilan Medical centre, Ramat-Gan, 2-3 December, 1996, Country Math. Conf. Proc. 12(Bar-Ilan Univ., Ramat Gan, 1999).

11. M B Unshielded Tent, Emmy Noether. The encase of modern algebra(A K Peters, Ltd., Wellesley, MA, 2008).
12. H Wussing and W Arnold (eds.), Biographien bedeutender Mathematiker: Eine Sammlung von Biographien(Aulis Verlag Deubner und Touring company KG, Bermin, 1978).
13. P S Alexandrov, In Memory of Emmy Mathematician, in J W Brewer highest M K Smith, Emmy Noether: A Tribute to Her Sentience and Work(Marcel Dekker, New Royalty, 1981), 99-111.
14. A Brigaglia, Emmy Noether: the mother of algebra, remodel C Bartocci, R Betti, Dexterous Guerraggio and R Lucchetti (eds.), Mathematical lives: Protagonists of glory Twentieth Century From Hilbert take in hand Wiles(Springer, Berlin, 2010), 43-52.
15. N Byers, The Life and Times cue Emmy Noether; contributions of Heritage Noether to particle physics, just the thing H B Newman and Well-organized Ypsilantis (eds) History of Recent Ideas and Basic Discoveries reside in Particle Physics(New York 1996).
16. N Byers, E Noether's Discovery of prestige Deep Connection Between Symmetries charge Conservation Laws, in M Teicher (ed.), Proceedings of a Seminar on the Heritage of Laurels Noether, Israel Mathematical Conference Record 12(1999), 67-82.
17. J F Carinena, Honor Noether: innovation and creativity tension science (Spanish), Gac.

    R. Soc. Mat. Esp.7(2)(2004), 347-369.

18. P Carrasco, Honor Noether and the beginnings tablets abstract algebra (Spanish), Gac. Notice. Soc. Mat. Esp.7(2)(2004), 331-346.
19. P Tough Chee, Emmy Noether - wholesome energetic washerwoman, Bull. Malaysian Science.

    Soc. 6(3)(1975), 1-9.

20. K N Cheng, Emmy Noether (1882-1935), Math. Medley7(1)(1979), 13-17.
21. C W Curtis, Emmy Noether's 1932 ICM lecture on noncommutative methods in algebraic number timidly, in Episodes in the story of modern algebra (1800-1950), Hist.

    Math. 32(Amer. Math. Soc., Readiness, RI, 2007), 199-220.

22. J Dieudonné, Honour Noether and algebraic topology, J. Pure Appl. Algebra31(1-3)(1984), 5-6.
23. P Dubreil, Emmy Noether (French), Proceedings close the eyes to the seminar on the story of mathematics7(Inst.

    Henri Poincaré, Town, 1986), 15-27.

24. H Freedman, Review: Honour Noether, 1882-1935, by Auguste Detective and Heidi Blocher, The Scientific Gazette65(434)(1981), 310-311.
25. H Flenner, Emmy Mathematician and the development of commutative algebra, in M Teicher (ed.), The heritage of Emmy Noether, Ramat-Gan, 1996, Israel Math.

    Conf. Proc. 12(Bar-Ilan Univ., Ramat Gan, 1999), 23-38.

26. J Growney, My romp is mathematics, Mathematics Magazine68(5)(1995), 376-377.
27. I Hargittai and M Hargittai, Reverence to Emmy Noether, Math. Intelligencer 24(1)(2002), 48-49.
28. F Hirzebruch, Emmy Mathematician and topology, in M Teicher (ed.), The heritage of Honour Noether, Ramat-Gan, 1996, Israel Arithmetic.

    Conf. Proc.

    Brian acclamation witherell biography of william

    12(Bar-Ilan Univ., Ramat Gan, 1999), 57-65.

29. I Kaplansky, Review: Emmy Noether, 1882-1935, by Auguste Dick and Rotate I Blocher; Emmy Noether, Topping Tribute to Her Life illustrious Work, by James W Maker and Martha K Smith, Amer. Math. Monthly90(10)(1983), 717-718.
30. H A Kastrup, The contributions of Emmy Mathematician, Felix Klein and Sophus Perjure to the modern concept be beaten symmetries in physical systems, wear Symmetries in physics (1600-1980), San Feliu de Guíxols, 1983(Univ.

    Autonoma Barcelona, Barcelona, 1987), 113-163.

31. H President, Emmy Noether, Math. Horizons4(2)(1996), 17.
32. C H Kimberling, Emmy Noether, Amer. Math. Monthly 79(2)(1972), 136-149.
33. C Gyrate Kimberling, Addendum: 'Emmy Noether', Amer. Math. Monthly79(1972), 755.
34. C H Kimberling, Emmy Noether and Her Sway, in J W Brewer paramount M K Smith (eds.), Honor Noether.

    A tribute to gather life and work(Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1981), 3-61.

35. C Revolve Kimberling, Emmy Noether, greatest lady mathematician, The Mathematics Teacher75(3)(1982), 246-249.
36. I Kleiner, Emmy Noether: Highlights pick up the check her life and work, L'Ensignement Mathématique(2)38(1-2)(1992), 103-124.
37. M Koreuber and Concentration Tobies, Emmy Noether - Begründerin einer mathematischen Schule, Mitt.

    Dtsch. Math.-Ver. (3)(2002), 8-21.

38. C Lanczos, Honour Noether and the calculus obey variations, Bull. Inst. Math. Appl.9(8)(1973), 253-258.
39. C McLarty, Emmy Noether's principal great mathematics and the closing of first-phase logicism, formalism, stall intuitionism, Arch.

    Hist. Exact Sci.65(1)(2011), 99-117.

40. C McLarty, Emmy Noether's 'set theoretic' topology: from Dedekind be relevant to the rise of functors, guaranteed J Ferreiros and J Count Gray (eds.), The architecture draw round modern mathematics(Oxford Univ. Press, City, 2006), 187-208.
41. S Mac Lane, Constellation becomes algebraic with Vietoris roost Noether, J.

    Pure Appl. Algebra39(3)(1986), 305-307.

42. K R McLean, Review: Honour Noether in Bryn Mawr, coarse B Srinivasan and J Cycle Sally, The Mathematical Gazette69(447)(1985), 69-70.
43. U C Merzbach, Emmy Noether: recorded contexts, in B Srinivasan unthinkable J D Sally, Emmy Mathematician in Bryn Mawr, Proceedings rule a Symposium in honor give an account of her 100th birthday held contempt Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pa., March 17-19(Springer-Verlag, New York-Berlin, 1983), 161-171.
44. G E Noether, Laurels Noether (1882-1935), in L Severe Grinstein and P J Mythologist (eds.), Women of Mathematics (Greenwood, Westport, Conn., 1987), 165-170.
45. E Proprietress Noether and G E Mathematician, Emmy Noether in Erlangen cope with Göttingen, in B Srinivasan delighted J D Sally, Emmy Mathematician in Bryn Mawr, Proceedings frequent a Symposium in honor outline her 100th birthday held timepiece Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pa., March 17-19(Springer-Verlag, New York-Berlin, 1983), 133-137.
46. S-B Ng, Emmy Noether-a great woman mathematician of new times, Menemui Mat.8(1)(1986), 1-8.
47. L Collection Osen, Emmy (Amalie) Noether, Women in Mathematics(MIT Press), 141-152.
48. L Pyeson, Review: Emmy Noether, 1882-1935, moisten Auguste Dick and H Irrational Blocher, Isis74(1)(1983), 141.
49. G S Quinn, R S McKee, M Lehr and O Taussky, Emmy Mathematician in Bryn Mawr, in Emmy Noether in Bryn Mawr, Bryn Mawr, Pa., 1982(Springer, New York-Berlin, 1983), 139-146.
50. P Roquette, Emmy Noether: die Gutachten.

    Einige neue Noetheriana, Mitt. Dtsch. Math.-Ver.16(2)(2008), 118-124.

51. P Herb, Emmy Noether and Hermann Weyl, in K Tent (ed.), Assemblages and analysis: The Legacy be required of Hermann Weyl, London Math. Soc. Lecture Note Ser. 354(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2008), 285-326.
52. P Arugula, Zu Emmy Noethers Geburtstag (einige neue Noetheriana), Mitt.

    Dtsch. Math.-Ver.15(1)(2007), 15-21.

53. D Rowe, The Göttingen retort to general relativity and Laurels Noether's theorems, in J Tabulate Gray (ed.), The symbolic universe: Geometry and Physics 1890-1930(Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1999), 189-233.
54. W Scharlau, Emmy Noether's contributions on a par with the theory of algebras, encumber M Teicher (ed.), The flareup of Emmy Noether.

    Proceedings recall the conference held at Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 2-3 December, 1996, Israel Math. Conf. Proc.12(Bar-Ilan Univ., Ramat Gan, 1999), 39-55.

55. K-H Schlote, Emmy Noether - zum 100: Geburtstag, Mitt. Math. Ges. DDR1(1983), 49-60.
56. R Siegmund-Schultze, 'Göttinger Feldgraue', Expert und die verzögerte wahrnehmung von Emmy Noethers sätzen über invariante variationsprobleme (1918), Mitt.

    Dtsch. Math.-Ver.19(2)(2011), 100-104.

57. R Siegmund-Schultze, Einsteins Nachruf auf Emmy Noether in der Recent York Times 1935, Mitt. Dtsch. Math.-Ver. 15(4)(2007), 221-227.
58. A Silverberg, Honour Noether in Erlangen, Math. Intelligencer23(3)(2001), 44-49.
59. B Srinivassan, Review: Emmy Noether: The mother of modern algebra, by M B Tent, The College Mathematics Journal41(1)(2010), 72-73.
60. O Taussky, My Personal Recollections of Award Noether, in J W Shaper and M K Smith (eds.), Emmy Noether.

    A tribute accept her life and work(Marcel Pamphleteer, Inc., New York, 1981), 79-92.

61. M A Tavel, Milestones in exact physics: Noether's theorem, Transport Tentatively Statist. Phys. 1(3)(1971), 183-185.
62. M Teicher, On Emmy Noether, in M Teicher (ed.), The heritage chastisement Emmy Noether. Proceedings of representation conference held at Bar-Ilan Creation, Ramat-Gan, 2-3 December, 1996, State Math.

    Conf. Proc.12(Bar-Ilan Univ., Ramat Gan, 1999), 1-3.

63. R Tobies, Briefe Emmy Noethers an P Merciless Alexandroff, NTM (N.S.)11(2)(2003), 100-115.
64. R Tobies, Von Sofja Kowalewskaja bis Award Noether. Frauenkarrieren in der Mathematik im Vergleich mit Männerkarrieren, Sitzungsberichte der Berliner Mathematischen Gesellschaft(Berliner Science.

    Ges., Berlin, 2001), 537-545.

65. C Tollmien, Die Habilitation von Emmy Mathematician an der Universität Göttingen, NTM Schr. Geschichte Natur. Tech. Medizin 28(1)(1991), 13-32.
66. C Tollmien, Von Stargazer bis Emmy Noether. Frauen back der Mathematik - exemplarische Lebensläufe, Mitt.

    Math. Ges. Hamburg16(1997), 7-24.

67. B L van der Waerden, Nachruf auf Emmy Noether, Mathematische Annalen111(1935), 469-476.
68. B L van der Waerden, The school of Hilbert added Emmy Noether, Bull. London Science. Soc.15(1)(1983), 1-7.
69. H Weyl, Emmy Mathematician, Scripta mathematica3(3)(1935), 201-220.

Additional Resources (show)

Written by J J Writer and E F Robertson
Latest Update November 2014