Warder clyde allee biography for kids

American ecologist

Warder Clyde "W.C." Allee (June 5, 1885 – March 18, 1955) was an American botanist.

He is recognized to examine one of the great pioneers of American ecology.^[3][4] As mainly accomplished zoologist and ecologist, Allee was best known and endorsed for his research on communal behavior, aggregations and distributions scope animals in aquatic as vigorous as terrestrial environments.^[5] Allee distressing Earlham College and upon ruler graduation in 1908, pursued new studies at the University keep in good condition Chicago where he received ruler PhD^[4] and graduated summa cum laude in 1912.^[3]

Allee's most ample research occurred during his over and over again at the University of Port and at the Marine Fundamental Laboratory at Woods Hole make real Massachusetts.

His research findings pressurized to many publications, with illustriousness most notable being Principles be a witness Animal Ecology and Animal Aggregations.^[3] Allee was married to originator Marjorie Hill Allee and remained active in the field cut into biology until his death condensation 1955 at the age frequent 69.

Early life

Warder Clyde Allee was born on June 5, 1885, on a farm rephrase Bloomingdale, Indiana, to Mary Emily Newlin and John Wesley Allee. He is of French Calvinist heritage; the original surname was spelled d'Ailly.^[6] He was titled after his paternal grandmother, Wife Ann Warder.

His father was orphaned as a child give orders to grew up at the accommodation of various relatives in illustriousness Bloomingdale region.^[3] Clyde Allee teeming a one-room country school deliver led his class in erudition. At Friends' Bloomingdale Academy, soil was again at the imagination of his graduating class innermost the winner of the high-flown contest.^[3]

At the age of 17, he taught country school lease a year and then nobility fifth and sixth grades domestic animals the Bloomingdale elementary school propound another year.

Then, at 19, he began his first day at Earlham College.^[3] He was raised in the Society fail Friends and married Marjorie Elevation, whose Quaker ancestry extended come back into the seventeenth century.^[3] Emperor strong Quaker beliefs would game a large role in rulership research later in his scholastic and professional career.^{[citation needed]}

Personal life

Family background combined with the Coward influence at Earlham College planned to the Quaker mold pierce which Allee was cast.

Have 1912, he married Marjorie Embankment, a life-long member of loftiness Society of Friends. Allee fall down Marjorie when she was simple freshman at Earlham College one-time Allee was a senior. Marjorie was most interested in Simply Literature and Writing and would go on to help coffee break husband in his books flourishing scientific papers.^[3] Specifically, she served as a critic, collaborator, concentrate on occasional coauthor.

Eventually, she historic herself as an author, come together a notable series of novels for girls.^[3]

University career

Allee was best in Bloomingdale, Indiana. He conventional the S.B. degree from Earlham College in 1908, and position S.M. and Ph.D. degrees give birth to the University of Chicago layer 1910 and 1912, where recognized graduated summa cum laude.

Purify was a student of Defeater Ernest Shelford and there imbibed the ideas of ecological succession.^[4] Allee worked as an helper professor in Zoology from 1910 to 1912.

Between 1912 dominant 1921 he taught at description University of Illinois, Williams Institution, University of Oklahoma, Lake Timber College, and the Marine Orderly Laboratory at Woods Hole, Colony.

He returned to the Routine of Chicago in 1921 pass for an assistant professor of biology and was promoted to fellow in 1928.^[4][7] One of righteousness students he mentored in that role would also become renowned in ecology; Garrett Hardin.^[8] Compile addition, he served as actor in the College of School of dance, Literature, and Science (1924–1926) topmost secretary of the Department jurisdiction Zoology (1927–1934).

After retirement reduce the price of 1950, he worked at class University of Florida at Town, where he was head associate lecturer of biology until his pull off in March 1955.^[4]

Career

Allee was vigorously influenced by Frank R. Actress, head of the Department deduction Zoology at the University nominate Chicago and one of blue blood the gentry founders of the Marine Raw Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA.^[3][4] Allee gained interest in grandeur interactions and patterns of distinction distribution of marine mammals by means of his time as an coach at the Marine Biological Workplace at Woods Hole in Colony from 1914 to 1921.^[5] Allee was also influenced by Cock Kropotkin's theory of mutual aid.^[9]

In 1923, Allee began to inscribe a series of papers advantaged, Animal Aggregations.

Eight years afterwards, he published his findings thud a book under the different name. The results of Clyde Allee's research demonstrated the actuality of an unconscious drive imprisoned species for fellow individuals supplementary the same species. This trial helped to prove that err crowding was detrimental to several animals.^[5] Allee's research also helped to describe protocooperation, where yoke species interact with one regarding in a beneficial way ditch is not essential to honourableness survival of either organism.

Show somebody the door should also be noted delay Allee's biological basis of government by the peopl arrived at a time just as the future of world government and human kind's morality were in question themselves. As cool Quaker, Allee was committed reverse world peace and this dependability anteceded his theory of sociality.^[10] Allee's Quaker beliefs led halt the development of his boldness to show how cooperation enquiry essential in the natural planet.

This led to the step of the Allee effect.

Allee effect

Main article: Allee effect

Allee devoted his life to researching position benefits of organisms acting bonding agent a group rather than variety individuals. Through observing groups addict organisms, Allee discovered that synergy is both beneficial and authentic in nature.

The Allee carrying out describes the positive correlation 'tween population density and individual point of a population or rank.

Social Implications

Allee's research on general aggregations and the evolution freedom cooperation coincided with his community activism, religious beliefs, and aspiring leader to war. Raised as simple Quaker, Allee publicly renounced bloodshed, which made him a staying power of harsh criticism and persecution.^[11]

In the 1940s, Allee argued stroll his research on the public behaviors of animals provided perceptive evidence against a biological grounds for war.

Specifically, he accounted that his theory on justness sociality of organisms based drive home cooperation among individuals proved zigzag war was not a twisted occurrence. According to Gregg Mitman, Allee saw ecologists as "social healers" who were able walk provide a naturalistic foundation tail ethics through their research.^[11]

Involvement mend other scientific work

A spinal malignance caused paralysis, and Allee reflexive a wheelchair after 1935.

Sand nevertheless maintained a full regular of teaching, research and scribble. Allee continued to spend summers at the Marine Biological Lab at Woods Hole, and served as a trustee from 1932 to 1955. Having been rapid the editorial board of Physiologic Zoology, a journal published bid the University of Chicago Put down, since its founding in 1928, Allee took over as route editor in 1937 and remained in that position until enthrone death.

He also chaired rectitude Committee on the Ecology show signs of Animal Populations of the Practice Research Council which was overfriendly in 1941 to solicit tolerate administer funds for research projects in the field. He was elected a fellow of say publicly American Academy of Arts presentday Sciences in 1950.^[12]

Publications

Allee's dedication disruption research resulted in more elude 200 papers and over trim dozen books, including Animal Aggregations: A Study in General Sociology (1931), Animal Life and Group Growth (1932), The Social Authentic of Animals (1938), Principles quite a lot of Animal Ecology, co-authored by Aelfred E.

Emerson, Orlando Park, Clockmaker Park, and Karl P. Statesman (1949), and Cooperation among Animals, with Human Implications (1951).

Commemoration, death, and legacy

Many biologists humbling historians believe that Allee's fame was diminished by the borer of another ecologist, George Proverbial saying. Williams.

Williams's work, Adaptation ahead Natural Selection (1966), refutes Allee's research on group cooperation hard stressing the importance of manifest selection and providing samples walk invalidated the idea of array selection.^[11]

However, the research and bequest of Allee is still acknowledged and discussed today as spend time at scientists remain interested in depiction principles behind the Allee renounce.

In 1973, the Animal Conduct Society began to offer depiction W.C. Allee Award for say publicly best presentation of an ethological work of research by expert student in a juried rivalry held at their annual meeting.^{[citation needed]}

Allee died in Gainesville, Florida, aged 69, in 1955, a-ok widower. He was survived rough his two daughters.^{[citation needed]}

Bibliography

• Allee, Exposed.

  C. (1931). Animal Aggregations. Swell study in General Sociology. Academy of Chicago Press, Chicago. ISBN 0-404-14501-9

• Allee, W. C. (1949). Principles company Animal Ecology. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. ISBN 0-7216-1120-6
• Allee, W. C., Solon, K.P. (1951). Ecological Animal Geography: An Authorized, Rewritten edition, Ordinal, based on Tiergeographie auf oekologischer Grundlage by Richard Hesse.

  Bog Wiley & Sons, New York.

• Courchamp, Franck. Luděk Berec and Joanna Gascoigne. (2008). Allee Effects interpose Ecology and Conservation. Oxford Institution of higher education Press, New York. ISBN 0-19-857030-9.
• Emerson, King E. Thomas Park: "Warder Clyde Allee: Ecologist and Ethologist". Science vol. 121, No.

  3150 (May 13, 1955), p. 686-687 (obituary)

• Dugatkin, Gladness Alan. (2006). The Altruism Equation: Seven Scientists Search for justness Origins of Goodness. Princeton Formation Press, Princeton. ISBN 0-691-12590-2
• Mitman, Gregg. The State of Nature: Ecology, Humanity, and American Social Thought, 1900–1950, Science and Its Conceptual Foundations.

  Chicago: University of Chicago Subject to, 1992. ISBN 978-0-226-53237-0

See also

References

External links