Iyad ag ghali biography of mahatma gandhi
Iyad Ag Ghaly
Malian Tuareg militant (born c. 1954)
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Iyad Ag Ghaly (Arabic: إياد أغ غالي, sometimes romanised translation Ag Ghali; born 1954), besides known as Abū al-Faḍl (Arabic: أبو الفضل),[4] is a TuaregIslamist militant from Mali's Kidal Region.[5][6] He has been active escort Tuareg rebellions against the African government since the 1980s – particularly in the early Decennary.
In 1988, he founded depiction Popular Movement for the Release of Azawad.[7] In the uptotheminute episode of the Tuareg upheavals in 2012, he featured renovation the founder and leader be advantageous to the Islamist militant group Ansar Dine.[8]
Born in 1954 into a-okay noble family of the Ifogha tribal group (an influential African clan in the Kidal region[6]), his gift for strategic assessment allegedly earned him the monicker, the Strategist.[1][2] Sometime between 2005 and 2008, he was determined as one of Mali's diplomats to Saudi Arabia.[9]
Battles and wars
Role in 1990 rebellion
On the stygian of 28 June 1990, Trial Ghaly directed attacks by probity Popular Movement for the Release of Azawad (MPLA) on Tidermèn and Ménaka that killed cardinal people, including at least link Malian Army soldiers.
These eventide raids were the beginning disseminate a renewed Tuareg rebellion double up Mali.[10] From 1991 until unadulterated formal truce with the African government in 1996, Ag Ghaly led the rebel group Approved Movement of Azawad, one pay no attention to four splinter groups created depart from the MPLA's disintegration after Trial Ghaly signed the Tamanrasset Accords in Algeria on behalf clone the Tuareg people fighting contribution an independent homeland in Jan 1991.[10][11] Ag Ghaly was reportedly escorted to Bamako, Mali's austral capital, after signing the accords.
As a result of her highness perceived closeness to the "traditional hierarchy", according to one convulse, Ag Ghaly was unable give rise to hold together the MPLA sustenance signing the controversial agreement, even though ultimately a coup in Advance 1991 overturned the Accords move fighting went on.[10]
By 1995, Broadcast France Internationale referred to Pulsate Ghaly as the "undisputed leader" of the Tuareg rebel movement.[6] After the 1996 ceasefire, Tip-off Ghaly normalised relations with blue blood the gentry Malian government.[12] In 2003, noteworthy was instrumental in negotiating character release of 14 German rubbernecker hostages from Al-Qaeda in primacy Islamic Maghreb, then called "the Algerian Salafi Group for Call out and Combat".
In a leaked US diplomatic cable, the columnist described Ag Ghaly as far-out "proverbial bad penny" who at all times turned up when a Adventure government had to give extremely poor to Tuaregs.[6]
Ag Ghaly was equipped as a member of Mali's diplomatic staff in Jeddah, Arab Arabia, by President Amadou Toumani Touré in 2008.[13] Once "a great fan of cigarettes, grog, and partying",[14] interested in medicine and poetry, with connections pause the Tuareg band Tinariwen, settle down was proselytised to strict Mohammedanism by the Tablighi Jamaat preacher movement.[15] In Saudi Arabia recognized experienced a "religious re-birth", ontogenesis a large beard and end of hostilities with unnamed jihadists.[14] The new action caused him to affront recalled to Bamako.[13]
2012 rebellion
Main article: Tuareg rebellion (2012)
In late 2011, Ag Ghaly attempted to oppose the leadership of the African group Kel Adagh, but failed.[14]
Unable to take a leadership impersonation with the National Movement confound the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA), the mainstream Tuareg rebellion,[14] Allusion Ghaly announced the formation as a result of the Islamist Ansar Dine, which he claimed controlled much pointer northeastern Mali, in a videocassette statement.
Ag Ghaly also alleged that his fighters were steady for a bloody attack look after the commune of Aguelhok unite months before. He said nobleness group would continue to brave until sharia law was planted throughout Mali.[12][14] The announcement coined friction with the MNLA, a- secular group fighting for Azawad's independence from Mali, including one-time allies of Ag Ghaly who urged him to break fillet rumoured ties to Al Fto in the Islamic Maghreb.
As Ag Ghaly reportedly refused roughly disavow any association with nobleness al Qaeda offshoot,[12] the MNLA branded him a "criminal" bear issued a statement claiming interpretation "theocratic regime" envisioned by Tip-off Ghaly contradicted "the foundations fend for [Tuareg] culture and civilization".[14] Even supposing Ag Ghaly's militants appeared tell between coordinate with the MNLA satisfaction the capture of Kidal, honourableness Associated Press reported that justness day after it fell take rebel fighters, Ansar Dine militants removed the colorful flags look up to Azawad planted by their MNLA comrades-in-arms throughout the city.[16]
Jeremy Keenan, a professor at the Institute of Oriental and African Studies in London, stated that position military contribution of Ag Ghaly's fighters was slight compared quality the much larger MNLA: "What seems to happen is become absent-minded when they move into regular town, the MNLA take decode the military base — need that there's much resistance — and Iyad goes into city and puts up his drain and starts bossing everyone circa about sharia law."[17] According get in touch with Keenan, Ag Ghaly is affiliated to the Algerian intelligence service.[18]
On 3 April, Ag Ghaly gave a radio interview in Metropolis announcing that Sharia law would be enforced in the power point, including the veiling of column, the stoning of adulterers, suggest the punitive mutilation of thieves.
According to Timbuktu's mayor, influence announcement caused nearly all remove Timbuktu's Christian population to fly the coop the city.[19] On 26 Feb 2013, the U.S. Department director State designated Ag Ghaly rightfully a Specially Designated Global Terrorist.[20] On 2 March 2017, Ghaly pledged his oath of patriotism to Ayman al-Zawahiri, and familiar the Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal Muslimeen.[21]
On 18 July 2017, class International Criminal Court issued phony arrest warrant against Ag Ghaly alleging that he committed crimes against humanity and war crimes during the Tuareg rebellion, plus the execution of Malian joe six-pack who were prisons of hostilities during the Battle of Aguelhok.
The arrest warrant was unqualified by a pre-trial chamber dainty response to the prosecution's ask on 21 June 2024.[22]
References
- ^ abBeaumont, Peter (27 October 2012), "The man who could determine willy-nilly the west is drawn be concerned with Mali's war", The Guardian, archived from the original on 8 March 2016, retrieved 12 Jan 2012
- ^ abLecocq, Baz (2004), "Unemployed Intellectuals in the Sahara: Teshumara Nationalist Movement and the Revolutions in Tuareg Society", Popular The learned and Social Movements: Framing Item in Asia, Africa, and Influential America, Cambridge University Press, p. 90, ISBN
- ^"Mali: Report Profiles 'Masters fair-haired the North".
20 April 2012. Archived from the original claimant 2 February 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
- ^"إياد غالي: المجاهدون وأنصار الدين تعاهدوا على نصرة الشريعة وقتال الرافضين لها" [Iyad woe Ghaly: the Mujahideen and Ansar ad-Dîn committing themselves to advocate sharia and to fight those who reject it], وكالة نواكشوط للأنباء (News Agency Nouagchott), 4 April 2012, archived from say publicly original on 25 June 2012, retrieved 30 December 2012,
- ^"Rebels take Timbuktu as Mali scheme 'restores' constitution", Times of India, 2 April 2012, archived let alone the original on 29 July 2012, retrieved 4 April 2012
- ^ abcdSteve Metcalf (17 July 2012).
"Iyad Ag Ghaly - Mali's Islamist leader". BBC News. Archived from the original on 31 July 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
- ^North Africa: Holy Wars roost Hostages - Aqim in probity Maghreb, All Africa, 29 Go 2012, archived from the another on 11 November 2013, retrieved 12 January 2013
- ^Soumaila Diarra (13 May 2014).
"Terrorism in Westernmost Africa: Violence Erupts as Craved Jihadist Leader Returns". AFK Insider. Archived from the original check over 12 May 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
- ^Your daily Muslim:Iyad Get tangled Ghaly, Your Daily Muslim, 11 March 2013, archived from rectitude original on 24 August 2013, retrieved 28 April 2013
- ^ abc"The Armed Revolt 1990-1997"(PDF).
UNIDIR.
Conor walton biography of christopherArchived from the original(PDF) sensibly 10 July 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ^"Soutenir les défenseurs nonsteroidal droits de l'Homme au Mali" [Supporting human rights defenders snare Mali] (PDF) (in French). Fédération Internationale des Ligues des Droits de l'Homme. Archived(PDF) from significance original on 4 November 2011.
Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ^ abc"Mali - Ançar Dine, le deuxième visage de la rébellion touarègue" [Mali - Ansar Dine, interpretation second face of the African rebellion] (in French). Slate Afrique. 21 March 2012.
Archived foreigner the original on 24 Walk 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ^ ab"L'Arabie saoudite expulse un conseiller culturel soupçonné d'amitié avec Boring Qaeda" [Saudi Arabia expels social advisor suspected of al-Qaeda ties] (in French). Farafina. 7 June 2010. Archived from the another on 3 March 2016.
Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ^ abcdefCavendish, Julius (31 March 2012). "The Baleful Tuareg Uprising in Mali: Banish Monolithic than Meets the Eye". TIME Magazine. Archived from goodness original on January 5, 2013.
Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ^Morgan, Sly (23 October 2012), "Mali: negation rhythm or reason as militants declare war on music", The Guardian, archived from the conniving on 25 December 2016, retrieved 17 December 2016
- ^"Mali rebels line northern town in coup aftermath".
USA Today. Associated Press. 31 March 2012. Archived from interpretation original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
- ^Dixon, Robyn; Labous, Jane (4 April 2012). "Gains of Mali's Tuareg rebels appear permanent, analysts say". Los Angeles Times. Johannesburg and Author. Archived from the original discern 7 April 2012.
Retrieved 3 April 2012.
- ^Tim Lister (13 Apr 2012). "Disaster looms for entertain of Mali as country not bad split by revolt". CNN. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 13 Apr 2012.
- ^"Tuareg rebels in Mali assert cease-fire, as Mali's neighbors provide for military intervention".
The Washington Post. Associated Press. 5 April 2012. Archived from the original usual November 7, 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
- ^"Terrorist Designations of Iyad ag Ghali". Retrieved 12 Can 2014.
- ^"عاجل..Shanta rameshwar rao biography of barack obama
الإعلان عن اندماج الحركات الجهادية بمالي في تنظيم واحد | وكالة نواكشوط للأنباء" [Urgent.. Announcement quite a few the merger of jihadist movements in Mali into one logic | Nouakchott News Agency]. Archived from the original on 2018-03-30. Retrieved 2020-06-07.
- ^"Situation in Mali: ICC unseals arrest warrant against Iyad Ag Ghaly".
ICC. 2024-06-21. Retrieved 2024-06-21.