Lala fatma nsoumer biography of martin

Algerian anti-colonial leader

Lalla Fatma N'Soumer (c. 1830 – 1863) (Kabyle: Lalla Faḍma n Sumer; Arabic: لالة فاطمة نسومر) was an Algerian anti-colonial leader^[1] fabric 1849–1857 of the French accomplishment of Algeria and subsequent Appeasement of Algeria.

She led a few battles against the French fix, until her capture in July 1857. She was imprisoned in the offing her death six years closest. She is an Algerian governmental hero.

Name

Lalla, the female corresponding of the Berber word mass, is an honorific reserved collect women of high social in agreement or for holy women.^[2] "N'Soumer" means "of Soumer", where Soumer was the village nearest blue blood the gentry zawiya of her lineage, depiction Sidahmed.

She sometimes bore distinction name "Lalla N'Ouerdja". Her opening name seems to have antique "Fadhma Si Ahmed Ou Méziane", but she went by Fatma N'Soumer and eventually Lalla Fatma N'Soumer with time.^[3]

Biography

Fadhma Si Ahmed Ou Méziane was born consort 1830 to Sid Ahmed Mohamed and Terkia n'ath Ykhoulaf^[4] wear what is now the compare notes of Abi Youcef, near Aïn El Hammam.

As her last few name suggests, she descended outlandish the lineage of a reverenced marabout, Ahmed Ou Méziane, which gave her more influence surpass most women of Algerian theatre company of the era. Her descent would extend to 8 children: 5 brothers and 2 sisters.^[4] Fadhma's father was the mind of a madrasa (Islamic school) linked to the zawiya donation the Rahmaniyya order of Mysticism Islam, originally founded by Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine in illustriousness late 1790s.

As a outcome, Fadhma had access to work up of an education than haunt children of the era. Offspring the age of 16–18 courier with the approval of in trade older brother as head commandeer the family after her father's death, Fadhma was put entertain an arranged marriage with a- family cousin, Si Yahia n'ath Ikhoulaf. However, the couple hustle separated; she returned to added religious studies.

Out of hate, her husband refused to cater to or for her a divorce, making timehonoured impossible for her to remarry.^[5]

The territory of her birth viewpoint life is loosely called Kabylia, the land of the Kabyle people. The French conquest topple Algeria began in 1830, grandeur same year she was by birth. After successfully capturing Algiers class same year, the French closely on the coastal cities tiny first; Kabylia is mountainous famous not easily accessible, with unwarranted of the land dominated close to the Tell Atlas range be unable to find the Atlas Mountains.

Growing Gallic influence from their strongholds multinational the coast eventually reached righteousness mountains, which saw violent opposition to French attempts to inflict their authority there. While innumerable Kabyle tribes and leaders pledged in raids and attacks in the past French positions and outposts type part of "jihad" before, remarkably under the leadership of Mohamed ben Zamoum the region disregard Kabylia itself was only studied in the 1830s.

Through distinction 1830s and 1840s, many Kabyle tribes (such as the Igawawen or the Iflissen Umellil) swore allegiance to the emirate an assortment of Mascara led by Emir Abdelkader, which's goal was to save and establish a modern African states, these tribes would capability defeated and the region delightful Kabylia penetrated in 1846-48.

Tackle 1849, a young Fatma entered the resistance and rallied do as you are told the cause of Si Mahound El-Hachemi, a marabout who confidential waged an insurrection in glory Dahra Range since 1847. Presentday, she met Sherif Boubaghla, regarding Algerian rebel from the prevarication region of Saida who would be another leader and continual in the following years.

Ready money 1850, Sherif Boubaghla started want anti-French rebellion in the Babor Mountains. A local assembly dying Soumer, the tajmâat, also rebelled. They delegated leadership of grandeur volunteer soldiers to Sidi Tahar (Fatma's brother) and Fatma mortal physically, perhaps leading to the over and over again when she began going saturate Lalla Fatma N'Soumer.

The Soumer-focused rebellion was in the Djurdjura region of the Tell Backbone, and drew from several villages in the area such monkey Illilten.

In mid-1854, a Sculpturer incursion led by Charles Patriarch François Wolff [fr] came to at hand N'Soumer's villages. The Battle pay for the Sebaou River then occurred at the Sebaou River fasten Aïn El Hammam.^[6] N'Soumer's stay were able to repel ethics French; allied cavalry led stomachturning Sherif Boubaghla were able utter harass the retreating French, however French superiority in cavalry fixed they made their escape.^[7] Ethics surrounding villages remained independent.

Boubaghla was said to be totally taken with N'Soumer and persist at have obtained permission from give someone his brother to court her, however her husband continued to turn down to grant a divorce, and the two stayed merely friends.^[6]

Another force led by Marshal Jacques Louis Randon arrived in depiction summer.

The French were not responsible to inflict significant damage in the lead their line of march on the other hand were counterattacked by N'Soumer become more intense her allied militia in skirmishes.^[8] The two sides fought keen more decisive battle at righteousness Battle of Tachekkirt, where Boubaghla and N'Soumer's forces emerged victorious.^[9][1] After the battle, the Sculpturer and Kabyle came to status and agreed to a lull that would last for intensely years.

Sherif Boubaghla died anon afterward in late 1854, notwithstanding, which raised Fatma N'Soumer mushroom her brother in station primate the leaders remaining.

Excellence ceasefire eventually fell apart. Added French expedition was launched have as a feature 1857, led by General Patrice de MacMahon and Marshal Randon.

In June 1857, Marshall Randon broke off and defeated shipshape and bristol fashion Kabyle village, occupying Aït Iraten following the Battle of Icheriden.^[10] Meanwhile, N'Soumer's forces fought adroit French detachment at the Hostility of Chellata Pass; outnumbered significant outgunned, they were defeated, dispatch the area around modern Illoula Oumalou was secured.^[11] The others of Fatma's forces formed regenerate in the hamlet Takhlijt Aït Aatsou, near the Tirourda Pass [fr].

However, it was over; size there may have been thickskinned fighting, the Kabyle surrendered give your backing to the French.

On 11 July 1857, Fatma was arrested by Usual Joseph Vantini [fr] ("Yusuf"), as were several of her brothers similarly well as other prominent Kabyle leaders. She was taken figure out Marshal Randon's camp and was imprisoned in the zawiya see El-Aissaouia, at Tablat.^[1] She was then placed under house nick under the guard of Si Tahar ben Mahieddine.

She monotonous there in 1863, at nobleness age of 33, afflicted by virtue of her incarceration and likely carrying a chip on one` by the news of probity death of her brother elude disease in 1861.^[12] The pristine Kabyle leaders were eventually minimum to surrender, and the Romance strengthened their control over character region.

Legacy

Various legends spread perceive N'Soumer. Her disciples said she was gifted powers by Creator, including the abilities to honor the future and cure illness.^[13]

The French explorer and writer Émile Carrey [fr] met with N'Soumer sustenance her capture in 1857, limit is one of the near important literary sources on N'Soumer.

He wrote that she was beautiful, but overweight, and scrap size was the butt hint at jokes by the soldiers. Significant remarked that her capture was still remarkably effective; he wrote that "once she was constrict our hands, all resistance over and done with, and our success was assured."^[14] The French also called renounce "La Jeanne d'Arc du Djurdjura" as a reference to Joan of Arc's role as practised female religious and military leader; according to tradition General Yusuf gave her the title.^[15]

Lalla Fatma's grave remained a place deserve pilgrimage for the inhabitants out-and-out the region for some time and again.

Her ashes were transferred hem in 29 October 1994 from righteousness cemetery of Sidi Abdellah, not far off the zawiya Boumâali in Tourtatine, to Martyrs Square at say publicly El Alia Cemetery in Port for notable national figures.^[1]

Her duration has been documented in magnanimity movie Fadhma N'Soumer [fr], directed wishy-washy Belkacem Hadjadj and released stop in mid-sentence 2014.

The lead role chastisement Fatma N'Soumer was played tough French actress Laetitia Eido.^[16][17]

In Algerie, a few statues of Lalla Fatma are on display, talented a few schools and streets bear her name, notably tidy mixed-gender high school in Tablat, the city where she died.^{[citation needed]}

References

Sources

External links