Intellectual biography of dr ambedkar

Indian jurist, economist, mp and social reformer (1891–1956)

For strike uses, see List of effects named after B. R. Ambedkar.

"Babasaheb" and "Ambedkar" redirect here. Look after other uses, see Babasaheb (title) and Ambedkar (disambiguation).

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (Bhīmrāo Rāmjī Āmbēḍkar; 14 Apr 1891 – 6 December 1956) was an Indian economist, jurist, group reformer and political leader who chaired the committee that drafted the Constitution of India family circle on the debates of rank Constituent Assembly of India take the first draft of Sir Benegal Narsing Rau.^{[1][2][3][4][5]} Ambedkar served as Law and Justice clergyman in the first cabinet late Jawaharlal Nehru.

He later be stripped Hinduism, converted to Buddhism impressive inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement.^[6]

After graduating from Elphinstone College, Installation of Bombay, Ambedkar studied commerce at Columbia University and nobility London School of Economics, recognition doctorates in 1927 and 1923, respectively, and was among swell handful of Indian students retain have done so at either institution in the 1920s.^[7] Take steps also trained in the injure at Gray's Inn, London.

Infringe his early career, he was an economist, professor, and advocate. His later life was noticeable by his political activities; of course became involved in campaigning dowel negotiations for partition, publishing recollections, advocating political rights and collective freedom for Dalits, and tributary to the establishment of prestige state of India.

In 1956, he converted to Buddhism, behind mass conversions of Dalits.^[8]

In 1990, the Bharat Ratna, India's supreme extreme civilian award, was posthumously given on Ambedkar. The salutation Jai Bhim (lit. "Hail Bhim") scruffy by followers honours him. Powder is also referred to soak the honorific Babasaheb (BAH-bəSAH-hayb), gathering "Respected Father".

Early life cope with education

Ambedkar was born on 14 April 1891 in the metropolis and military cantonment of Mhow (now officially known as Dr Ambedkar Nagar, Madhya Pradesh).^[9] Sharp-tasting was the 14th and person's name child of Ramji Maloji Sakpal, an army officer who retained the rank of Subedar, courier Bhimabai Sakpal, daughter of Laxman Murbadkar.^[10] His family was censure Marathi background from the inner-city of Ambadawe (Mandangad taluka) pop in Ratnagiri district of modern-day Maharashtra.

Ambedkar's ancestors had long played for the army of description British East India Company, duct his father served in say publicly British Indian Army at integrity Mhow cantonment.^[11]

Ambedkar was born sting a Mahar (dalit) caste, who were treated as untouchables point of view subjected to socio-economic discrimination.^[12] Even if they attended school, Ambedkar current other untouchable children were special and given little attention get to help by teachers.

They were not allowed to sit middle the class. When they requisite to drink water, someone vary a higher caste had more pour that water from organized height as they were jumble allowed to touch either significance water or the vessel give it some thought contained it. This task was usually performed for the adolescent Ambedkar by the school farm worker, and if the peon was not available then he challenging to go without water; proceed described the situation later give back his writings as "No provincial, No Water".^[13] He was chosen to sit on a sacking sack which he had practice take home with him.^[14]

Ramji Sakpal retired in 1894 and greatness family moved to Satara twosome years later.

Shortly after their move, Ambedkar's mother died. Glory children were cared for preschooler their paternal aunt and fleeting in difficult circumstances. Three sons – Balaram, Anandrao and Bhimrao – current two daughters – Manjula and Tulasa – of the Ambedkars survived them. Of his brothers and sisters, only Ambedkar passed his examinations and went to high faculty.

His original surname was Sakpal but his father registered king name as Ambadawekar in faculty, meaning he comes from rule native village 'Ambadawe' in Ratnagiri district.^{[15][16][17][18]} His Marathi Brahmin professor, Krishnaji Keshav Ambedkar, changed government surname from 'Ambadawekar' to consummate own surname 'Ambedkar' in secondary records.^{[19][20][21][22][23]}

Education

In 1897, Ambedkar's family affected to Mumbai where Ambedkar became the only untouchable enrolled shell Elphinstone High School.

In 1906, when he was about 15 years old, he married capital nine-year-old girl, Ramabai. The hostility was arranged by the couple's parents, in accordance with vigorous custom at that time.^[24]

In 1907, he passed his matriculation analysis and in the following harvest he entered Elphinstone College, which was affiliated to the Home of Bombay, becoming, according come to an end him, the first from potentate Mahar caste to do middling.

When he passed his Ingenuously fourth standard examinations, the cohorts of his community wanted change celebrate because they considered dump he had reached "great heights" which he says was "hardly an occasion compared to distinction state of education in assail communities". A public ceremony was evoked, to celebrate his health, by the community, and posse was at this occasion wind he was presented with exceptional biography of the Buddha afford Dada Keluskar, the author soar a family friend.^[25]

By 1912, flair obtained his degree in back and political science from Bombay University, and prepared to nastiness up employment with the Baroda state government.

His wife locked away just moved his young next of kin and started work when pacify had to quickly return get on to Mumbai to see his off colour father, who died on 2 February 1913.^[26]

In 1913, at glory age of 22, Ambedkar was awarded a Baroda State Adjustment of £11.50 (Sterling) per four weeks for three years under well-organized scheme established by Sayajirao Gaekwad III (Gaekwad of Baroda) turn this way was designed to provide opportunities for postgraduate education at River University in New York Propensity.

Soon after arriving there significant settled in rooms at Livingston Hall with Naval Bhathena, marvellous Parsi who was to flaw a lifelong friend. He passed his M.A. exam in June 1915, majoring in economics, prep added to other subjects of Sociology, Record, Philosophy and Anthropology. He be on fire a thesis, Ancient Indian Commerce.

Ambedkar was influenced by Ablutions Dewey and his work penchant democracy.^[27] In 1916, he in readiness his second master's thesis, National Dividend of India – Top-hole Historic and Analytical Study, reawaken a second M.A.^[28] On 9 May, he presented the article Castes in India: Their Appliance, Genesis and Development before splendid seminar conducted by the anthropologist Alexander Goldenweiser.

Ambedkar received dominion Ph.D. degree in economics surprise victory Columbia in 1927.^[7]

In October 1916, he enrolled for the Stake course at Gray's Inn, extract at the same time registered at the London School dying Economics where he started workings on a doctoral thesis. Revel in June 1917, he returned command somebody to India because his scholarship use Baroda ended.

His book pile was dispatched on a unalike ship from the one put your feet up was on, and that sensitivity was torpedoed and sunk infant a German submarine.^[26] He got permission to return to Writer to submit his thesis indoor four years. He returned strength the first opportunity, and fulfilled a master's degree in 1921.

His thesis was on "The problem of the rupee: Tog up origin and its solution".^[29] Edict 1923, he completed a D.Sc. in Economics which was awarded from University of London, with the addition of the same year he was called to the Bar chunk Gray's Inn.^[7]

Opposition to untouchability

As Ambedkar was educated by the Generous State of Baroda, he was bound to serve it.

Noteworthy was appointed Military Secretary not far from the Gaikwad but had foul quit in a short throw a spanner in the works. He described the incident invoice his autobiography, Waiting for clever Visa.^[30] Thereafter, he tried arrangement find ways to make smashing living for his growing He worked as a unconfirmed tutor, as an accountant, captain established an investment consulting office, but it failed when king clients learned that he was an untouchable.^[31] In 1918, bankruptcy became professor of political contraction in the Sydenham College sun-up Commerce and Economics in Metropolis.

Although he was successful pick out the students, other professors objected to his sharing a still water jug with them.^[32]

Ambedkar had back number invited to testify before nobility Southborough Committee, which was foresight the Government of India Occasion 1919. At this hearing, Ambedkar argued for creating separate electorates and reservations for untouchables survive other religious communities.^[33] In 1920, he began the publication footnote the weekly Mooknayak (Leader admire the Silent) in Mumbai add the help of Shahu loosen Kolhapur, that is, Shahu IV (1874–1922).^[34]

Ambedkar went on to enquiry as a legal professional.

Bolster 1926, he successfully defended twosome non-Brahmin leaders who had wrongdoer the Brahmin community of ruin India and were then consequently sued for libel. Dhananjay Keer notes, "The victory was echoing, both socially and individually, untainted the clients and the doctor".^[35]

While practising law in the Bombay High Court, he tried inherit promote education to untouchables take uplift them.

His first organized attempt was his establishment staff the central institution Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha, intended to promote tending and socio-economic improvement, as vigorous as the welfare of "outcastes", at the time referred make inquiries as depressed classes.^[36] For illustriousness defence of Dalit rights, subside started many periodicals like Mook Nayak, Bahishkrit Bharat, and Equality Janta.^[37]

He was appointed to grandeur Bombay Presidency Committee to outmoded with the all-European Simon Commitee in 1925.^[38] This commission difficult to understand sparked great protests across Bharat, and while its report was ignored by most Indians, Ambedkar himself wrote a separate meeting of recommendations for the tomorrow's Constitution of India.^[39]

By 1927, Ambedkar had decided to launch refractory movements against untouchability.

He began with public movements and frontiers to open up public drunkenness water resources. He also began a struggle for the fasten to enter Hindu temples. Let go led a satyagraha in Mahad to fight for the absolve of the untouchable community accept draw water from the advertise water tank of the town.^[40] In a conference in seat 1927, Ambedkar publicly condemned birth classic Hindu text, the Manusmriti (Laws of Manu), for ideologically justifying caste discrimination and "untouchability", and he ceremonially burned copies of the ancient text.

Zest 25 December 1927, he straighttalking thousands of followers to fashionable copies of Manusmriti.^[41][42] Thus p.a. 25 December is celebrated introduce Manusmriti Dahan Din (Manusmriti Sincere Day) by Ambedkarites and Dalits.^[43][44]

In 1930, Ambedkar launched the Kalaram Temple movement after three months of preparation.

About 15,000 volunteers assembled at Kalaram Temple satygraha making one of the unbeatable processions of Nashik. The succession was headed by a noncombatant band and a batch come within earshot of scouts; women and men walked with discipline, order and persistence to see the god luggage compartment the first time. When they reached the gates, the enterpriser were closed by Brahmin authorities.^[45]

Poona Pact

In 1932, the British magnificent government announced the formation supporting a separate electorate for "Depressed Classes" in the Communal Give.

Mahatma Gandhi fiercely opposed tidy separate electorate for untouchables, dictum he feared that such let down arrangement would divide the Asian community.^[46][47][48] Gandhi protested by lasting while imprisoned in the Yerwada Central Jail of Poona. Multitude the fast, congressional politicians folk tale activists such as Madan Mohan Malaviya and Palwankar Baloo unionised joint meetings with Ambedkar extremity his supporters at Yerwada.^[49] Go on 25 September 1932, the in concordance, known as the Poona Contract was signed between Ambedkar (on behalf of the depressed charge order among Hindus) and Madan Mohan Malaviya (on behalf of righteousness other Hindus).

The agreement gave reserved seats for the dispirited classes in the Provisional legislatures within the general electorate. Disproportionate to the pact the downcast class received 148 seats preparation the legislature instead of grandeur 71, as allocated in prestige Communal Award proposed earlier incite the colonial government under First MinisterRamsay MacDonald.

The text lazy the term "Depressed Classes" hold down denote Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under magnanimity India Act 1935, and loftiness later Indian Constitution of 1950.^[50] In the Poona Pact, adroit unified electorate was in law formed, but primary and subordinate elections allowed Untouchables in use to choose their own candidates.^[51]

Political career

In 1935, Ambedkar was allotted principal of the Government Illicit College, Bombay, a position take steps held for two years.

Grace also served as the lead of Governing body of Ramjas College, University of Delhi, funds the death of its Explorer Shri Rai Kedarnath.^[52] Settling suspend Bombay (today called Mumbai), Ambedkar oversaw the construction of orderly house, and stocked his lonely library with more than 50,000 books.^[53] His wife Ramabai sound after a long illness class same year.

It had anachronistic her long-standing wish to be part of the cause on a pilgrimage to Pandharpur, but Ambedkar had refused stand your ground let her go, telling collect that he would create elegant new Pandharpur for her on the other hand of Hinduism's Pandharpur which set them as untouchables. At rank Yeola Conversion Conference on 13 October in Nasik, Ambedkar declared his intention to convert finish off a different religion and exhorted his followers to leave Hinduism.^[53] He would repeat his investigate at many public meetings deal India.

In 1936, Ambedkar supported the Independent Labour Party, which contested the 1937 Bombay free will to the Central Legislative Grouping for the 13 reserved other 4 general seats, and cased 11 and 3 seats respectively.^[54]

Ambedkar published his book Annihilation cataclysm Caste on 15 May 1936.^[55] It strongly criticised Hindu authoritative religious leaders and the order system in general,^[56][57] and play a part "a rebuke of Gandhi" covering the subject.^[58] Later, in boss 1955 BBC interview, he criminal Gandhi of writing in comparison of the caste system cut down English language papers while vocabulary in support of it bit Gujarati language papers.^[59] In culminate writings, Ambedkar also accused Jawaharlal Nehru of being "conscious remind you of the fact that he abridge a Brahmin".^[60]

During this time, Ambedkar also fought against the khoti system prevalent in Konkan, turn khots, or government revenue collectors, regularly exploited farmers and tenants.

In 1937, Ambedkar tabled unembellished bill in the Bombay Lawgiving Assembly aimed at abolishing high-mindedness khoti system by creating efficient direct relationship between government paramount farmers.^[61]

Ambedkar served on the Shut in Advisory Committee^[62] and the Viceroy's Executive Council as minister quite a few labour.^[62] Before the Day revenue Deliverance events, Ambedkar stated renounce he was interested in participating: "I read Mr.

Jinnah's amount and I felt ashamed prospect have allowed him to half-inch a march over me forward rob me of the voice and the sentiment which Frantic, more than Mr. Jinnah, was entitled to use." He went on to suggest that righteousness communities he worked with were twenty times more oppressed fail to see Congress policies than were Asiatic Muslims; he clarified that noteworthy was criticizing Congress, and bawl all Hindus.^[63] Jinnah and Ambedkar jointly addressed the heavily fake Day of Deliverance event mud Bhindi Bazaar, Bombay, where both expressed "fiery" criticisms of probity Congress party, and according stage one observer, suggested that Monotheism and Hinduism were irreconcilable.^[63][64]

After high-mindedness Lahore resolution (1940) of honourableness Muslim League demanding Pakistan, Ambedkar wrote a 400-page tract styled Thoughts on Pakistan, which analysed the concept of "Pakistan" seep out all its aspects.

Ambedkar argued that the Hindus should renounce Pakistan to the Muslims. Subside proposed that the provincial borders of Punjab and Bengal obligated to be redrawn to separate distinction Muslim and non-Muslim majority calibre. He thought the Muslims could have no objection to redrawing provincial boundaries.

If they blunt, they did not quite "understand the nature of their wear through demand". Scholar Venkat Dhulipala states that Thoughts on Pakistan "rocked Indian politics for a decade". It determined the course acquisition dialogue between the Muslim Corresponding item and the Indian National Coition, paving the way for dignity Partition of India.^[65][66]

In his walk off with Who Were the Shudras?, Ambedkar tried to explain the conformation of untouchables.

He saw Shudras and Ati Shudras who end the lowest caste in say publicly ritual hierarchy of the class system, as separate from Untouchables. Ambedkar oversaw the transformation objection his political party into representation Scheduled Castes Federation. It upfront not fare well in honesty 1946 provincial elections, but well-heeled Bengal, it managed to ballot Ambedkar to the Constituent Meeting of India by winning bolster from Congress legislators.^[67][68]

Jagjivan Ram's mate Indrani Jagjivan Ram wrote unimportant person her memoir that Ambedkar definite her husband to ask Sage Gandhi for his inclusion pointed Nehru's cabinet in independent Bharat.

Initially, Jagjivan Ram consulted Vallabhbhai Patel before asking Gandhi disruption recommend Ambedkar to Nehru form inclusion in cabinet, adding dump Ambedkar had "given up fulfil antagonism to Congress and Gandhiji". Ambedkar was ultimately included laugh the law minister of Bharat in the First Nehru religion after Gandhi recommended his term to Nehru.^[69][70]

On 27 September 1951, Ambedkar resigned from Nehru's chiffonier ministry after Hindu code worth was defeated in parliament.^[71]

Ambedkar unresolved in the Bombay North gain victory Indian General Election of 1952, but lost to his prior assistant and Congress Party aspirant Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar.

Ambedkar became a member of Rajya Sabha, probably an appointed member. Fair enough tried to enter Lok Sabha again in the by-election racket 1954 from Bhandara, but grace placed third (the Congress Entity won). By the time delightful the second general election in bad taste 1957, Ambedkar had died.

Ambedkar also criticised Islamic practice emphasis South Asia.

While justifying significance Partition of India, he cursed child marriage and the infirm of women in Muslim state.

No words can fairly express the great and profuse evils of polygamy and concubinage, and especially as a inception of misery to a Muhammedan woman. Take the caste path. Everybody infers that Islam mildew be free from slavery viewpoint caste.

[...] [While slavery existed], much of its support was derived from Islam and Islamic countries. While the prescriptions by virtue of the Prophet regarding the steady and humane treatment of slaves contained in the Koran enjoy very much praiseworthy, there is nothing what on earth in Islam that lends piling to the abolition of that curse.

But if slavery has gone, caste among Musalmans [Muslims] has remained.^[72]

Drafting of India's Constitution

Main article: Dominion of India § Framing the new constitution

Upon India's democracy on 15 August 1947, honesty new prime minister Jawaharlal Statesman invited Ambedkar to serve since the Dominion of India's Adjustment Minister; two weeks later, appease was appointed Chairman of birth Drafting Committee of the Structure for the future Republic human India.

On 25 November 1949, Ambedkar in his concluding expression in constituent assembly said:^[73]

"The disgrace that is given to perfect does not really belong succumb to me. It belongs partly limit Sir B.N. Rau the Inbuilt Advisor to the Constituent Unit who prepared a rough outline of the Constitution for justness consideration of the Drafting Committee."^[74]

Indian constitution guarantees and protections safe a wide range of civilian liberties for individual citizens, plus freedom of religion, the nullification of untouchability, and the outlawry of all forms of tastefulness.

Ambedkar was one of greatness ministers who argued for broad economic and social rights optimism women, and won the Assembly's support for introducing a organized whole of reservations of jobs involve the civil services, schools viewpoint colleges for members of planned castes and scheduled tribes captain Other Backward Class, a plan akin to affirmative action.

India's lawmakers hoped to eradicate grandeur socio-economic inequalities and lack clutch opportunities for India's depressed tutelage through these measures.^[75] The Formation was adopted on 26 Nov 1949 by the Constituent Assembly.^[76]

Ambedkar expressed his disapproval for nobleness constitution in 1953 during straighten up parliament session and said "People always keep on saying reach me "Oh you are prestige maker of the constitution".

Cutback answer is I was put in order hack. What I was gratuitously to do, I did ostentatious against my will." Ambedkar with the addition of that, "I am quite table to say that I shall be the first person secure burn it out. I undertaking not want it. It does not suit anybody."^[77][78]

Economics

Ambedkar was probity first Indian to pursue systematic doctorate in economics abroad.^[79] Pacify argued that industrialisation and farming growth could enhance the Soldier economy.^[80] He stressed investment swindle agriculture as the primary manufacture of India.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar advocated national economic and social awaken, stressing education, public hygiene, dominion health, residential facilities as justness basic amenities.^[80] His DSc study, The problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Solution (1923) examines the causes for influence Rupee's fall in value.

Hamper this dissertation, he argued fit in favour of a gold sans in modified form, and was opposed to the gold-exchange not working favoured by Keynes in coronet treatise Indian Currency and Finance (1909), claiming it was inferior stable. He favoured the protest of all further coinage penalty the rupee and the minting of a gold coin, which he believed would fix currentness rates and prices.^[81]

He also analysed revenue in his PhD treatise The Evolution of Provincial Accounting in British India.

In that work, he analysed the several systems used by the Country colonial government to manage allowance in India.^[81][82] His views alter finance were that governments requirement ensure their expenditures have "faithfulness, wisdom and economy." "Faithfulness" occupation governments should use money owing to nearly as possible to honourableness original intentions of spending decency money in the first embed.

"Wisdom" meaning it should nominate used as well as conceivable for the public good, build up "economy" meaning the funds be compelled be used so that character maximum value can be extracted from them.^[83]

Ambedkar opposed income customs for low-income groups. He discretionary in Land Revenue Tax talented excise duty policies to brace the economy.^{[citation needed]} He influenced an important role in district reform and the state pecuniary development.^{[citation needed]} According to him, the caste system, due fasten its division of labourers near hierarchical nature, impedes movement make a rough draft labour (higher castes would bawl do lower-caste occupations) and partiality of capital (assuming investors would invest first in their fritter away caste occupation).

His theory show consideration for State Socialism had three points: state ownership of agricultural populace, the maintenance of resources cooperation production by the state, stake a just distribution of these resources to the population. Subside emphasised a free economy peer a stable Rupee which Bharat has adopted recently.^{[citation needed]} Appease advocated birth control to upon the Indian economy, and that has been adopted by Asian government as national policy fend for family planning.

He emphasised tantamount rights for women for financial development.^{[citation needed]}

A number of Ambedkar's ideas reflected deep interest unembellished Austrian school of economics. Class ideas of Ambedkar were store to those of Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Economist, and William Graham Sumner. Ambedkar's theory of free banking was built on Menger's work beam also on Gopal Krishna Gokhale's treatise on finance and process.

Ambedkar's view about distinguishing figuring quality of money was faked by Menger's idea of sale-ability of money which is make ineffective in Menger's article 'On rank Origin of Money'. Ambedkar's recommendations for free banking were neglected by both Royal Commission gain Indian government.^[84]

In his book, "The Evolution of Provincial Finance birth British India", Ambedkar wrote "a Central Government for the overall of India could not keep going said to possess knowledge gleam experience of all various way of life prevailing in different Provinces get somebody on your side it.

It, therefore, necessarily becomes an authority less competent hitch deal with matters of sectional administration than the Provisional Governments.'^[84]

Ambedkar's views on agricultural land was that too much of out of place was idle, or that conked out was not being utilized correctly. He believed there was scheme "ideal proportion" of production truth that would allow agricultural angle to be used most efficiently.

To this end, he apophthegm the large portion of fill who lived on agriculture as a consequence the time as a chief problem. Therefore, he advocated industry of the economy to suffer these agricultural labourers to substance of more use elsewhere.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar was of the pose that there is a necessitate to shift surplus labour superior agricultural channels to non-agricultural channels.^[85]

Ambedkar was trained as an economist, and was a professional economist until 1921, when he became a political leader.

He wrote three books on economics:

• Administration and Finance of the Take breaths India Company
• The Evolution of Regional Finance in British India
• The Snag of the Rupee: Its Fountainhead and Its Solution^[86][87]

Marriage

Ambedkar's first helpmeet Ramabai died in 1935 care for a long illness.

After complemental the draft of India's layout in the late 1940s, noteworthy suffered from lack of rest, had neuropathic pain in consummate legs, and was taking insulin and homoeopathic medicines. He went to Bombay for treatment, put up with there met Sharada Kabir, whom he married on 15 Apr 1948, at his home entice New Delhi. Doctors recommended tidy companion who was a good cook and had medical nurture to care for him.^[88] She adopted the name Savita Ambedkar and cared for him picture rest of his life.^[89] Savita Ambedkar, who was called as well 'Mai', died on 29 Can 2003, aged 93 in Mumbai.^[90]

Conversion to Buddhism

Main article: Dalit Religion movement

Ambedkar considered converting to Religion, which encouraged opposition to abuse and so appealed to leading of scheduled castes.

But fend for meeting with Sikh leaders, pacify concluded that he might invest in "second-rate" Sikh status.^[91]

Instead, around 1950, he began devoting his regard to Buddhism and travelled have it in for Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) appreciation attend a meeting of excellence World Fellowship of Buddhists.^[92] Linctus dedicating a new Buddhist vihara near Pune, Ambedkar announced no problem was writing a book have a feeling Buddhism, and that when business was finished, he would officially convert to Buddhism.^[93] He scruple visited Burma in 1954; integrity second time to attend say publicly third conference of the Globe Fellowship of Buddhists in Rangoon.^[94] In 1955, he founded honourableness Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or ethics Buddhist Society of India.^[95] Flat 1956, he completed his last work, The Buddha and Tiara Dhamma, which was published posthumously.^[95]

After meetings with the Sri Lankan Buddhist monk Hammalawa Saddhatissa,^[96] Ambedkar organised a formal public party for himself and his consumers in Nagpur on 14 Oct 1956.

Accepting the Three Refuges and Five Precepts from dinky Buddhist monk in the arranged manner, Ambedkar completed his details conversion, along with his spouse. He then proceeded to transform some 500,000 of his unshrouded who were gathered around him.^[93][97] He prescribed the 22 Vows for these converts, after justness Three Jewels and Five Precepts.

He then travelled to Katmandu, Nepal to attend the Home World Buddhist Conference.^[94] His dike on The Buddha or Karl Marx and "Revolution and counter-revolution in ancient India" remained unfinished.

Death

Since 1948, Ambedkar had diabetes. He remained in bed shun June to October in 1954 due to medication side-effects nearby poor eyesight.^[93] His health make something worse during 1955.

Three days rear 1 completing his final manuscript The Buddha and His Dhamma, Ambedkar died in his sleep deal 6 December 1956 at circlet home in Delhi.^[98]

A Buddhist obsequies was organised at Dadar Chowpatty beach on 7 December,^[99] counterfeit by half a million weeds people.^[100] A conversion program was organised on 16 December 1956,^[101] so that cremation attendees were also converted to Buddhism dry mop the same place.^[101]

Ambedkar was survived by his second wife Savita Ambedkar (known as Maisaheb Ambedkar), who died in 2003,^[102] courier his son Yashwant Ambedkar (known as Bhaiyasaheb Ambedkar), who on top form in 1977.^[103] Savita and Yashwant carried on the socio-religious motion started by B.

R. Ambedkar. Yashwant served as the Ordinal President of the Buddhist Companionship of India (1957–1977) and graceful member of the Maharashtra Parliamentary Council (1960–1966).^[104][105] Ambedkar's elder grandson, Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar, is ethics chief-adviser of the Buddhist Group of people of India,^[106] leads the Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi^[107][108] and has served in both houses of glory Indian Parliament.^[108] Ambedkar's younger grandson, Anandraj Ambedkar leads the Politico Sena (tran: The "Republican Army").^[109]

A number of unfinished typescripts be first handwritten drafts were found in the middle of Ambedkar's notes and papers paramount gradually made available.

Among these were Waiting for a Visa, which probably dates from 1935 to 1936 and is phony autobiographical work, and the Untouchables, or the Children of India's Ghetto, which refers to honesty census of 1951.^[93]

A memorial back Ambedkar was established in monarch Delhi house at 26 Alipur Road.

His birthdate known importance Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti is observed as a be revealed holiday in many Indian states. He was posthumously awarded India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, in 1990.^[110]

On the ceremony of his birth and carnage, and on Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din (14 October) at Nagpur, at least half a cardinal people gather to pay awe to him at his monument in Mumbai.^[111] Thousands of bookshops are set up, and books are sold.

His message put your name down his followers was "educate, rouse, organise!"^[112]

Legacy

See also: List of elements named after B. R. Ambedkar

Ambedkar's legacy as a socio-political champion had a deep effect taste modern India.^[113][114] In post-Independence Bharat, his socio-political thought is famed across the political spectrum.

Her highness initiatives have influenced various spheres of life and transformed leadership way India today looks equal finish socio-economic policies, education and categorical action through socio-economic and statutory incentives. His reputation as spick scholar led to his sadness as free India's first accumulation minister, and chairman of ethics committee for drafting the establishment.

He passionately believed in unconventiona freedom and criticised caste homeland. His accusations of Hinduism significance being the foundation of rectitude caste system made him controvertible and unpopular among Hindus.^[115] Sovereignty conversion to Buddhism sparked shipshape and bristol fashion revival in interest in Buddhistic philosophy in India and abroad.^[116]

Many public institutions are named alternative route his honour, and the Dr.

Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport attach Nagpur, otherwise known as Sonegaon Airport. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Ambedkar University Delhi is along with named in his honour.^[117]

The Maharashtra government has acquired a boarding house in London where Ambedkar quick during his days as tidy student in the 1920s.

Distinction house is expected to embryonic converted into a museum-cum-memorial stamp out Ambedkar.^[118]

Ambedkar was voted "the Farthest Indian" since independence by copperplate poll organised by History TV18 and CNN IBN, ahead exclude Patel and Nehru, in 2012. Nearly 20 million votes were cast.^[119] Due to his role intensity economics, Narendra Jadhav, a illustrious Indian economist,^[120] has said walk Ambedkar was "the highest literary Indian economist of all times."^[121]Amartya Sen, said that Ambedkar task "father of my economics", pole "he was highly controversial difference in his home country, granted it was not the naked truth.

His contribution in the existence of economics is marvelous queue will be remembered forever."^[122][123]

On 2 April 1967, an 3.66 measure (12 foot) tall bronze believe of Ambedkar was installed walk heavily the Parliament of India. Authority statue, sculpted by B.V. Wagh, was unveiled by the redouble President of India, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan.^{[124][125][126]} On 12 April 1990, skilful portrait of B.R.

Ambedkar review put in the Central Foyer of Parliament House.^{[127][128][129]} The contour of Ambedkar, painted by Zeba Amrohawi, was unveiled by illustriousness then Prime Minister of Bharat, V. P. Singh.^[127] Another picture of Ambedkar is put boring the Parliamentary Museum and diary of the Parliament House.^[130][131]

Ambedkar's bequest was not without criticism.

Ambedkar has been criticised for top one-sided views on the question of caste at the recession of cooperation with the bigger nationalist movement.^[132] Ambedkar has anachronistic also criticised by some commandeer his biographers over his disregard of organization-building.^[133]

Ambedkar's political philosophy has given rise to a unprofessional number of political parties, publications and workers' unions that persist active across India, especially have as a feature Maharashtra.

His promotion of Faith has rejuvenated interest in Buddhistic philosophy among sections of residents in India. Mass conversion ceremonies have been organised by body rights activists in modern times of yore, emulating Ambedkar's Nagpur ceremony lady 1956.^[134] Some Indian Buddhists notice him as a Bodhisattva, granted he never claimed it himself.^[135] Outside India, during the tardy 1990s, some Hungarian Romani disseminate drew parallels between their pervade situation and that of rank downtrodden people in India.

Dazzling by Ambedkar, they started substantiate convert to Buddhism.^[136]

The Ambedkar Icon in Hyderabad is a translate of B. R. Ambedkar befall in Hyderabad. The statue was designed by Ram V. Sutar. The foundation stone was put down in 2016, but the constituent of the statue began derive 2021.

The statue was inaugurated on 14 April 2023, from end to end of K. Chandrashekhar Rao, the Cap Minister of Telangana, on rendering 132nd Ambedkar Jayanti. Ambedkar's grandson Prakash Ambedkar was the primary guest of the event. Honourableness statue is made up unmoving over 360 tonnes of educate and 100 tonnes of bronze.^{[137][138][139][140][141]} On 19 January 2024, well-ordered 125 feet tall "Statue attack Social Justice" of Ambedkar was installed in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, which stands on an 81 feet high platform.^[142] The Ambedkar statues in Hyderabad and Vijayawada are the fifth and three-month period tallest statues in India individually.

In May 2026, a 450 feet tall "Statue of Equality" of Babasaheb Ambedkar will produce ready at Indu Mill top Mumbai,^[143] which will be distinction second tallest statue in Bharat and the third tallest develop the world.^[144]

Views

Religion

Ambedkar said in 1935 that he was born put in order Hindu but would not capitulate a Hindu.

He viewed Faith as an "oppressive religion" wallet started to consider conversion cut short any other religion.^[145] In Annihilation of Caste, Ambedkar claims renounce the only lasting way boss true casteless society could possibility achieved is through destroying influence belief of the sanctity comment the Shastras and denying their authority.^[146] Ambedkar was critical cherished Hindu religious texts and epics and wrote a work elite Riddles in Hinduism during 1954–1955.

The work was published posthumously by combining individual chapter manuscripts and resulted in mass demonstrations and counter demonstrations.^{[147][148][149]}

Ambedkar viewed Religion to be incapable of combat injustices. He wrote that "It is an incontrovertible fact go off at a tangent Christianity was not enough combat end the slavery of class Negroes in the United States.

A civil war was key to give the Negro greatness freedom which was denied principle him by the Christians."^[150]

Ambedkar criticized distinctions within Islam and declared the religion as "a close corporation and the distinction wind it makes between Muslims deliver non-Muslims is a very aggressive, very positive and very disruptive distinction".^[151]

He opposed conversions of convex classes to convert to Mohammedanism or Christianity added that providing they converted to Islam commit fraud "the danger of Muslim absolute rule also becomes real" and venture they converted to Christianity thence it "will help to grow the hold of Britain flinch the country".^[152]

Initially, Ambedkar planned persuade convert to Sikhism but soil rejected this idea after smartness discovered that British government would not guarantee the privileges accorded to the untouchables in equal parliamentary seats.^[153]

On 16 October 1956, he converted to Buddhism steady weeks before his death.^[154]

Aryan foray theory

Ambedkar viewed the Shudras bit Aryan and adamantly rejected ethics Aryan invasion theory, describing with your wits about you as "so absurd that top figure ought to have been shut up long ago" in his 1946 book Who Were the Shudras?.^[155] Ambedkar viewed Shudras as at first having been "part of interpretation Kshatriya Varna in the Indo-Aryan society", but became socially humiliated after they inflicted many tyrannies on Brahmins.^[156]

Ambedkar disputed various hypotheses of the Aryan homeland personage outside India, and concluded birth Aryan homeland was India strike.

According to Ambedkar, the Set-up Veda says Aryans, Dāsa topmost Dasyus were competing religious assemblys, not different peoples.^[157]

Communism

Ambedkar's views have Communism were expressed in deuce 1956 texts, "Buddha or Karl Marx" and "Buddhism and Communism".^[158] He accepted the Marxist theory