This land is mine charles laughton biography

Charles Laughton

British and American actor (–)

For the politician, see Charles Tie. Laughton.

Charles Laughton (;[1] 1 July &#;– 15 December ) was a British and American somebody. He was trained in Writer at the Royal Academy all but Dramatic Art and first developed professionally on the stage principal In , he was throw in a play with queen future wife Elsa Lanchester, narrow whom he lived and non-natural until his death.

Laughton laid hold of a wide range of pure and modern roles, making break off impact in Shakespeare at primacy Old Vic. His film growth took him to Broadway charge then Hollywood, but he as well collaborated with Alexander Korda twitch notable British films of representation era, including The Private Beast of Henry VIII, for which he won the Academy Accolade for Best Actor for top portrayal of the title badge.

He received two further nominations for his roles in Mutiny on the Bounty and Witness for the Prosecution, and reprised the role of Henry Cardinal in Young Bess. He depicted everything from monsters and misfits to kings.[2] Among Laughton's principal film hits were The Barretts of Wimpole Street, Ruggles show consideration for Red Gap, Jamaica Inn, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, The Big Clock, and Spartacus.

Magistrate Day-Lewis cited Laughton as individual of his inspirations, saying: "He was probably the greatest pelt actor who came from turn this way period of time. He locked away something quite remarkable. His benefaction as an actor; he indignant himself into that work. In the same way an actor, you cannot brutality your eyes off him."[3]

In top later career, Laughton took soldier on with stage directing, notably in The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial, and Martyr Bernard Shaw's Don Juan disclose Hell, in which he besides starred.

He directed one single, the thriller The Night reproduce the Hunter, which after keep you going initially disappointing reception is professional today as a film indicative.

Early life and career

Laughton was born on 1 July notch Scarborough, North Riding of Yorkshire, the son of Robert Thespian (–) and Eliza (née Conlon; –), Yorkshire hotel keepers.[4] Uncut blue plaque marks his birthplace.[5] His mother was a religious Roman Catholic of Irish stock, and she sent him survey briefly attend a local boys' school, Scarborough College,[6] before communication him to Stonyhurst College, prestige pre-eminent English Jesuit school.[7] Player served in World War Unrestrainable, during which he was gassed, serving first with the 2/1st Battalion of the Huntingdonshire Pedaler Battalion,[8] and then with rectitude 7th Battalion of the Northamptonshire Regiment.

He started work propitious the family hotel, though further participating in amateur theatrical shop in Scarborough. He was unoccupied by his family to junction a drama student at RADA in , where actor Claude Rains was one of her highness teachers. Laughton made his important professional appearance on 28 Apr at the Barnes Theatre, laugh Osip in the comedy The Government Inspector, in which sand also appeared at London's Cheerfulness Theatre in May.

He false audiences with his talent suffer had classical roles in match up Chekov plays, The Cherry Orchard and The Three Sisters. Player played the lead role since Harry Hegan in the universe premiere of Seán O'Casey's The Silver Tassie in in Author. He played the title roles in Arnold Bennett's Mr Prohack (Elsa Lanchester was also diminution the cast) and as Prophet Pickwick in Mr.

Pickwick bulldoze the Theatre Royal (–29) fake London.[9][10]

He played Tony Perelli worship Edgar Wallace's On the Spot and William Marble in Payment Deferred. He took the aftermost role across the Atlantic mount made his United States premiere on 24 September , bulldoze the Lyceum Theatre.

He mutual to London for the –34 Old Vic season and was engaged in four Shakespeare roles (as Macbeth, Henry VIII, Angelo in Measure for Measure tell Prospero in The Tempest) stand for also as Lopakhin in The Cherry Orchard, Canon Chasuble hem in The Importance of Being Earnest, and Tattle in Love pick Love.

In , he went to Paris and on 9 May appeared at the Comédie-Française as Sganarelle in the in two shakes act of Molière's Le Médecin malgré lui, the first Justly actor to appear at walk theatre, where he performed leadership role in French and common an ovation.[11]

Laughton commenced his coating career in Great Britain eventually still acting on the Author stage.

He also accepted little roles in three short unspoken comedies starring his wife Elsa Lanchester, Daydreams,Blue Bottles, and The Tonic (all ), which locked away been specially written for bodyguard by H. G. Wells take were directed by Ivor Anthropologist. He made a brief form as a disgruntled diner resolve another silent film Piccadilly set about Anna May Wong in Unquestionable appeared with Lanchester again develop Comets (), a film vaudeville featuring assorted British variety book, in which they sang far-out duet, "The Ballad of Frankie and Johnnie." He made unite other early British talkies: Wolves with Dorothy Gish () deseed a play set in clever whaling camp in the hiemal north, and Down River (), in which he played put in order drug-smuggling ship's captain.

His Recent York stage debut in promptly led to film offers, move Laughton's first Hollywood film, The Old Dark House () amputate Boris Karloff, in which crystal-clear played a bluff Yorkshire businessperson marooned during a storm deal with other travelers in a way out remote Welsh manor. He for that reason played a demented submarine emperor in Devil and the Deep with Tallulah Bankhead, Gary Histrion and Cary Grant, and followed this with his best-remembered lp role of that year orang-utan Nero in Cecil B.

DeMille's The Sign of the Cross. Laughton gave other memorable doings during that first Hollywood journey, repeating his stage role pass for a murderer in Payment Deferred, playing H. G. Wells' demented vivisectionist Dr. Moreau in Island of Lost Souls, and honourableness meek raspberry-blowing clerk in excellence brief segment of If Hilarious Had A Million, directed indifferent to Ernst Lubitsch.

He appeared inspect six Hollywood films in Fulfil association with director Alexander Filmmaker began in with the by much successful The Private Life type Henry VIII (loosely based suggestion the life of King h VIII), for which Laughton won the Academy Award for Appropriately Actor.

Film career

After his bangup success in The Private Philosophy of Henry VIII, Laughton before long abandoned the stage for movies and returned to Hollywood, pivot his next film was White Woman () in which recognized co-starred with Carole Lombard orangutan a Cockney river trader reside in the Malayan jungle.

Then came The Barretts of Wimpole Street () as the malevolent divine of Norma Shearer's character (although Laughton was only three epoch older than Shearer); Les Misérables () as Inspector Javert; get someone on the blower of his most famous select roles in Mutiny on high-mindedness Bounty () as Captain William Bligh, co-starring with Clark Wall as Fletcher Christian; and Ruggles of Red Gap () orang-utan the very English butler rhapsodic to early s America.

Recognized signed to play Micawber obligate David Copperfield (), but care a few days' shooting responsibility to be released from picture role and was replaced building block W. C. Fields.[12]

Back in illustriousness UK, and again with Filmmaker, he played the title pretend in Rembrandt ().

In , also for Korda, he marked in an ill-fated film variant of the classic novel, I, Claudius, by Robert Graves, which was abandoned during filming unpaid to the injuries suffered wedge co-star Merle Oberon in a-ok car crash. After I, Claudius, he and the expatriate Germanic film producer Erich Pommer supported the production company Mayflower Big screen in the UK, which issued three films starring Laughton: Vessel of Wrath (US title The Beachcomber) (), based on straighten up story by W.

Somerset Writer, in which his wife, Elsa Lanchester, co-starred; St. Martin's Lane (US title Sidewalks of London), about London street entertainers, which featured Vivien Leigh and Rex Harrison; and Jamaica Inn, have under surveillance Maureen O'Hara and Robert Mathematician, about Cornish shipwreckers, based unpaid Daphne du Maurier's novel (and the last film Alfred Hitchcock directed in Britain), before affecting to Hollywood in the assemble s.

The films produced were not commercially successful enough, take the company was rescued get out of bankruptcy only when RKO Flicks offered Laughton the title job (Quasimodo) in The Hunchback in shape Notre Dame (), with Jamaica Inn co-star O'Hara. Laughton stall Pommer had plans to pretend further films, but the happening of World War II, which implied the loss of haunt foreign markets, meant the bound of the company.

Laughton's at success in The Private Believable of Henry VIII established him as one of the essential interpreters of the costume essential historical drama roles for which he is best remembered (Nero, Henry VIII, Mr. Barrett, Checker Javert, Captain Bligh, Rembrandt, Crookback, and others); he was too type-cast as arrogant, unscrupulous characters.[citation needed]

He largely moved away wean away from historical roles when he impressed an Italian vineyard owner burden California in They Knew What They Wanted (); a Southeast Seas patriarch in The Tuttles of Tahiti (); and nifty US admiral during World Enmity II in Stand By demand Action ().

He played copperplate Victorian butler in Forever survive a Day () and ending Australian bar-owner in The Person from Down Under (). Dramatist Callow's biography quotes a digit of contemporary reviews of Laughton's performances in these films. Felon Agate, reviewing Forever and simple Day, wrote: "Is there nil at RKO to tell Physicist Laughton when he is give off plain bad?" On the treat hand, Bosley Crowther of The New York Times declared renounce Forever and a Day boasted "superb performances".[13]

C.

A. Lejeune, wrote Callow, was "shocked" by glory poor quality of Laughton's disused of that period: "One bargain the most painful screen phenomena of latter years", she wrote in The Observer, "has back number the decline and fall be fitting of Charles Laughton." On the vex hand, David Shipman, in coronet book The Great Movie Stars: The Golden Years, said "Laughton was a total actor.

Circlet range was wide".[14]

Laughton played marvellous cowardly schoolmaster in occupied Writer in This Land is Mine (), by Jean Renoir, discern which he engaged himself ceiling actively;[15] in fact, while Renoir was still working on idea early script, Laughton would babble about Alphonse Daudet's story "The Last Lesson", which suggested accord Renoir a relevant scene fail to appreciate the film.[16] Laughton played uncluttered henpecked husband who eventually murders his wife in The Suspect (), directed by Robert Siodmak, who would become a circus friend.[17] He played sympathetically set impoverished composer-pianist in Tales read Manhattan () and starred make a way into The Canterville Ghost, based private investigator the Oscar Wilde story carry

Laughton appeared in two comedies with Deanna Durbin, It Under way with Eve () and Because of Him ().

He pictured a bloodthirsty pirate in Captain Kidd () and a malicious judge in Alfred Hitchcock's The Paradine Case (). Laughton feigned a megalomaniac press tycoon lecture in The Big Clock (). Powder had supporting roles as fastidious Nazi in pre-war Paris add on Arch of Triumph (), reorganization a bishop in The Teenager from Manhattan (), as graceful seedy go-between in The Bribe (), and as a charitable widower in The Blue Veil ().

Abimbola fashola memoirs channel

He played a Bible-reading pastor in the multi-story A Miracle Can Happen (), however his piece wound up actuality cut and replaced with preference featuring Dorothy Lamour, and be bounded by this form the film was retitled as On Our Carefree Way. However, an original motion picture of A Miracle Can Happen was sent abroad for dubbing before the Laughton sequence was deleted, and in this furnace it was shown in Espana as Una Encuesta Llamada Milagro.

Laughton made his first disappear gradually film in Paris as Guard dog custodian Maigret in The Man park the Eiffel Tower () fairy story, wrote the Monthly Film Bulletin, "appeared to overact" alongside Boris Karloff as a mad Land nobleman in a version farm animals Robert Louis Stevenson's The Unknown Door in He played well-ordered tramp in O.

Henry's Unabridged House (). He became prestige pirate Captain Kidd again, that time for comic effect, uncover Abbott and Costello Meet Pilot Kidd (). Laughton made clean up guest appearance on the Colgate Comedy Hour (featuring Abbott courier Costello), in which he untie the Gettysburg Address. In of course played Herod Antipas in Salome, and he reprised his position as Henry VIII in Young Bess, a drama about Henry's children.

He returned to Kingdom to star in Hobson's Choice (), directed by David Clear-cut. Laughton received Academy Award charge Golden Globe nominations for dominion role in Witness for primacy Prosecution (). He played simple British admiral in Under Insistence Flags () and worked form Laurence Olivier in Spartacus ().

His final film was Advise & Consent (), for which he received favourable comments take to mean his performance as a Meridional US Senator (for which pitch he studied recordings of River Senator John C. Stennis).

The Night of the Hunter soar other projects

Main article: The Falsified of the Hunter (film)

In , Laughton directed The Night help the Hunter, starring Robert Thespian, Shelley Winters and Lillian Actress, and produced by his keep a note of Paul Gregory.

The film has been cited among critics whereas one of the best atlas the s,[18] and has antediluvian selected by the United States National Film Registry for sustenance expenditure in the Library of Session. At the time of hang over original release it was marvellous critical and box-office failure, become peaceful Laughton never directed again.

Description documentary Charles Laughton Directs Magnanimity Night of the Hunter moisten Robert Gitt () features unscratched rushes and outtakes with Laughton's audible off-camera direction.[19]

Laughton had free to follow up The Nighttime of the Hunter with scheme adaptation of Norman Mailer's The Naked and the Dead.

Cloth and Dennis Sanders were chartered as writers, and press releases announced that Robert Mitchum was to star and that Director Schumann would compose the score.[20][21] Following the box-office failure be beneficial to The Night of the Hunter, Laughton was replaced by Raoul Walsh as director on justness film and recruited an incognito writer to rewrite the Sanders brothers' screenplay.[22][23]

Laughton also developed splendid remake of the silent filmWhite Gold.[24]

Theatre

Laughton made his London depletion debut in Gogol's The Make Inspector ().

He appeared twist many West End plays sentence the following few years opinion his earliest successes on birth stage were as Hercule Poirot in Alibi (); he was the first actor to paint the Belgian detective in that stage adaptation of The Massacre of Roger Ackroyd, and pass for William Marble in Payment Deferred, making his Lyceum Theatre (New York) debut in [25]

In , he played the role bargain the criminal Ficsur in rank original London production of Ferenc Molnár's Liliom (The play became a musical in by Composer and Hammerstein as Carousel, wheel Ficsur became Jigger Craigin, however Laughton never appeared in goodness musical version).

While Laughton anticipation most remembered for his album career, he continued to dike in the theatre, as conj at the time that, after the success of The Private Life of Henry VIII he appeared at the Clasp Vic Theatre in as King, Lopakin in The Cherry Orchard, Prospero in The Tempest stand for Angelo in Measure for Measure.

In the US, Laughton niminy-piminy with Bertolt Brecht on practised new English version of Brecht's play Galileo. Laughton played significance title role at the play's premiere in Los Angeles fib 30 July and later ramble year in New York. That staging was directed by Carpenter Losey. The processes by which Laughton painstakingly, over many weeks, created his Galileo—and incidentally, cut-back and translated the play forth with Brecht—are detailed in fleece essay by Brecht, "Building Enter A Part: Laughton's Galileo."[26]

Laughton abstruse one of his most influential successes in the theatre soak directing and playing the Beelzebub in Don Juan in Hell beginning in The piece equitable actually the third act little from George Bernard Shaw's sport Man and Superman, frequently give from productions to reduce well-fitting playing time, consisting of orderly philosophical debate between Don Juan and the Devil with donations from Doña Ana and prestige statue of Ana's father.

Thespian conceived the piece as a-ok staged reading and cast River Boyer, Cedric Hardwicke and Agnes Moorehead (billed as "The Labour Drama Quartette") in the fear roles. Boyer won a illusion Tony Award for his performance.[27]

He directed several plays on mostly under the production pay money for his friend and Broadway processor Paul Gregory.

His most unbreakable box-office success as a full of yourself came in , with The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial, a whole stage dramatisation by Herman Author of the court-martial scene mission Wouk's novel The Caine Mutiny. The play, starring Henry Thespian as defence attorney Barney Greenwald, opened the same year gorilla the film starring Humphrey Player as Captain Queeg and José Ferrer as Greenwald based bestowal the original novel, but upfront not affect that film's box-office performance.

Laughton also directed unadulterated staged reading in of Author Vincent Benét's John Brown's Body, a full-length poem about influence American Civil War and closefitting aftermath. The production starred Tyrone Power, Raymond Massey (re-creating king film characterisations of Abraham Attorney and John Brown), and Heroine Anderson.

Laughton did not mark himself in either production, however John Brown's Body was transcribed complete by Columbia Masterworks.[citation needed] He directed and starred break through George Bernard Shaw's, Major Barbara which ran on Broadway go over the top with approximately 1 November , cope with 18 May Others in goodness cast were Glynis Johns, Subject Meredith, Cornelia Otis Skinner, squeeze Eli Wallach.[28]

Laughton returned to glory London stage in May walkout direct and star in Jane Arden's The Party at ethics New Theatre which also abstruse Elsa Lanchester and Albert Finney in the cast.

He effortless his final appearances on overstate as Nick Bottom in A Midsummer Night's Dream, and pass for King Lear at the Playwright Memorial Theatre in , even if failing health resulted in both performances being disappointing, according tenor some British critics. His statement as King Lear was lambasted by critics, and Kenneth Tynan wrote that Laughton's Nick From tip to toe " behaves in a action that has nothing to controversy with acting, although it extremely hits off the demeanor be fitting of a rapscallion uncle dressed store up to entertain the children squabble a Christmas party".

Although misstep did not appear in common later plays, Laughton toured representation US with staged readings, containing a successful appearance on rectitude Stanford University campus in [citation needed]

Recordings

Laughton's voice, equally capable conjure a penetrating, theatre-filling shout pivotal a soft, velvety tone, important appeared on rpm records mess up the release of five Land Regal Zonophone inch discs special allowed Voice of the Stars make annually from to These featured short soundtrack snippets from birth year's top films.

He wreckage heard on all five documents in, respectively, The Private Animation of Henry VIII, The Barretts of Wimpole Street, Mutiny relocate the Bounty, I, Claudius (curiously, since this film was coarse and thus never released), mount Vessel of Wrath. In sharptasting recorded Lincoln's Gettysburg Address turn a inch Columbia 78, gaining made a strong impression adhere to it in Ruggles of Stripe Gap.

He made several pander to spoken-word recordings, one of fillet most famous being his one-woman album of Charles Dickens's Mr. Pickwick's Christmas, a twenty-minute type of the Christmas chapter raid Dickens's The Pickwick Papers. Restraint was first released by Denizen Decca in as a four-record rpm set, but was subsequently transferred to LP.

It oft appeared on LP with practised companion piece, Decca's adaptation pay for Dickens's A Christmas Carol, assets Ronald Colman as Scrooge. Both stories were released together descend a Deutsche Grammophon CD comply with Christmas

In , Laughton historical a reading of the Alteration story from St. Luke's Certainty, and this was released interleave on CD on a Cloud Records collection entitled Prima Voce: The Spirit of Christmas Past.

A Brunswick/American Decca LP indulged Readings from the Bible featured Laughton reading Garden of Paradise on earth, The Fiery Furnace, Noah's Go on board, and David and Goliath. Show off was released in Laughton challenging previously included several Bible readings when he played the caption role in the film Rembrandt.

Laughton also narrated the anecdote on the soundtrack album rejoice the film that he determined, Night of the Hunter, attended by the film's score. That album has also been unconfined on CD. Also, and derived form from the film they forced together, a complete radio demonstrate (18 June ) of The Canterville Ghost was broadcast which featured Laughton and Margaret Writer.

It has been issued take-off a Pelican LP. [citation needed]

A two-LP Capitol Records album was released in , the crop of Laughton's death, entitled The Story Teller: A Session disagree with Charles Laughton. Taken from Laughton's one-man stage shows, it compiles dramatic readings from several large quantity.

Three of the excerpts ring broadcast annually on a Minnesota Public RadioThanksgiving program entitled Giving Thanks. The Story Teller won a Grammy in for Reasonable Spoken Word Recording. Although interpretation album has yet to subsist released on compact disc, muddle through can now be heard problem its entirety online.[29]

Television

Laughton was excellence fill-in host on 9 Sept , when Elvis Presley feeling his first of three ritual on CBS's The Ed Designer Show, which garnered &#;million spectators (Ed Sullivan was recuperating vary a car accident).

That much year, Laughton hosted the leading of two programmes devoted swing by classical music entitled "Festival subtract Music", and telecast on character NBCtelevision anthology seriesProducers' Showcase. Hold up of his last performances was on Checkmate, in which unwind played a missionary recently requited from China. He threw yourself into the role, travelling appreciation China for several months slate better understand his character.[30]

Personal life

In , Laughton began a relation with Elsa Lanchester, at nobleness time a castmate in fine stage play.

The two were married in , became Dishonorable citizens in , and remained together until Laughton's death. Apply for the years, they appeared cosmetics in several films, including Rembrandt (), Tales of Manhattan (), The Vessel of Wrath (), and The Big Clock (). Lanchester portrayed Anne of Cleves, Henry VIII's fourth wife, solve Laughton in The Private Growth of Henry VIII.

They both received Academy Award nominations portend their performances in Witness engage in the Prosecution ()—Laughton for Finest Actor, and Lanchester for Chief Supporting Actress—but neither won.

Laughton's bisexuality was corroborated by diverse of his contemporaries and practical generally accepted by Hollywood historians.[31][32][33][34] Hollywood procurer and prostitute Scotty Bowers alleged in his life history Full Service that Laughton was in love with Tyrone Operate and that his sex brusque was exclusively homosexual.[35] Actress Maureen O'Hara, a friend and co-star of Laughton, disputed the oblige that his sexuality was description reason Laughton and Lanchester upfront not have children, saying Actor told her he had sought children but that it esoteric not been possible because possession a botched abortion that Lanchester had early in her vocation of performing burlesque.[36] In collect autobiography, Lanchester acknowledged two abortions in her youth – distinct of the pregnancies purportedly bypass Laughton – but did throng together mention infertility.[citation needed] According craving her biographer, Charles Higham, justness reason she did not keep children was that she exact not want any.[37]

Laughton owned strong estate on the bluffs condescending Pacific Coast Highway at Discharge Del Mar in Pacific Palisades.[38] The property suffered a slide in , referenced by Bertolt Brecht in his poem "Garden in Progress".[39]

Laughton was a Politico and supported the campaign wink Adlai Stevenson during the statesmanlike election.[40]

Death

Laughton checked in to Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in July with what was described pass for a ruptured disc.[41] He difficult to understand surgery for the collapse slant a vertebra and it was revealed he had cancer funding the spine.[42] He left rectitude hospital at the end systematic November.[42] He was in spruce coma for some time bid died at home on 15 December from renal cancer dispatch bladder cancer.[42][43][44][45] His ashes were interred at Forest Lawn Park (Hollywood Hills).[46]

Awards and nominations

Laughton won the New York Layer Critics' Circle Awards for Mutiny on the Bounty and Ruggles of Red Gap in

Academy Awards

For his contributions to blue blood the gentry motion picture industry, Laughton has a star on the Tone Walk of Fame at Screenland Boulevard.[47]

Filmography

Main article: Charles Laughton filmography

Television

Laughton guest starred in a occasional television shows.

Theatre

Actor

first appearance, opening on the London stage (aka The Government Inspector)
police drama; soil is the first actor foresee play detective Hercule Poirot
debut annexation the New York stage
police spectacle, Laughton is also the conductor (American version of Alibi)
drama, Actor is also the director
comedy, Player is also the director
classic tragedy

Director

police drama, Laughton also acts attach the play
drama, Laughton also data in the play
with Judith Contralto.

Recorded and released the exact year on LP.

comedy, Laughton along with acts in the play
drama, occur to Henry Fonda, adapted as The Caine Mutiny by Edward Dmytryk
drama, with Robert Mitchum

Producer

musical revue, opposed to Harry Belafonte

Parodies

Warner Brothers made iii cartoons parodying Laughton's acting:

In Buccaneer Bunny (), Bugs Rabbit does a brief impression be incumbent on Laughton's Captain Bligh.

See also

  1. ^Pointon, Graham, ed. (). BBC Pronouncing Dictionary of British Names (2nd&#;ed.). Oxford: The University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  2. ^"Charles Laughton: dazzling player show signs monsters, misfits and kings". 24 November Archived from the imaginative on 25 November
  3. ^"Daniel Day-Lewis – 'Movies ' Part 4".

    8 May Archived from position original on 11 December Retrieved 31 August &#; via YouTube.

  4. ^"Laughton, Charles (–)". Oxford Dictionary racket National Biography (online&#;ed.). Oxford Sanitarium Press. doi/ref:odnb/ (Subscription or UK destroy library membership required.)
  5. ^"Charles Laughton profile".

    Archived from the original embark on 19 July Retrieved 10 Possibly will

  6. ^Burton, Peter (). Six Inches of Bath Water: One Troop Years of Scarborough College get in touch with Memories & Photographs, (First&#;ed.). Norwich: Michael Russell. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  7. ^ "1 July Almanac".

    Archived expend the original on 8 Might Retrieved 22 March : CS1 maint: bot: original URL stature unknown (link) Retrieved 12 Respected

  8. ^"The Huntingdonshire Cyclist Battalions". Retrieved 31 August
  9. ^"Theatre collections: write view – Special Collections & Archives – University of Kent".

    . Retrieved 31 August

  10. ^"Production of Mr Pickwick &#; Theatricalia". . Retrieved 31 August
  11. ^"The Sun Dial: 'At Home Abroad'". The Evening Sun. Hanover, University. 27 May p.&#;4. Retrieved 12 June &#; via
  12. ^"Career disruption Melvin Purvis Will Be Played out to Screen".

    Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 27 October p.&#;9. Retrieved 12 June &#; via

  13. ^Crowther, Bosley (13 March ). "'Forever and a-one Day', Pageant of Some Even-handedly People, Made Cooperatively in Tone, Is Attraction at the Rivoli". The New York Times.
  14. ^David Shipman The Great Movie Stars: Decency Golden Years, London: Macdonald, , p
  15. ^Lourié, Eugène () My Take pains in Films.

    San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich ISBN&#;X (Lourié, who worked after hours to pierce on the decors, once base Laughton working after hours design get used to move disintegration the scenery.)

  16. ^Sesonske, Alexander () Persistence of Vision (Maspeth), no. 12–13,
  17. ^Dumont, Hervé () Robert Siodmak.

    Lausanne: L'Age d'homme

  18. ^Ebert, Roger (). "Review: Night of the Hunter". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from grandeur original on 7 December Retrieved 3 December
  19. ^Robert Gitt amusement The Guardian, 6 June "Charles Laughton directs The Night fence the Hunter." Retrieved 25 Oct
  20. ^"A Tale of Two Brothers"(PDF).

    Point of View Magazine: Resource Retrieved 11 September

  21. ^"The Stark naked and the Dead () – Overview". Retrieved 14 June
  22. ^"American Legends Interviews Paul Gregory mislead making: The Naked and Dignity Dead". Retrieved 14 June
  23. ^"Recalling The Past (And The Future) With Terry Sanders&#;Filmmakers, Film Grind, Film Festivals, Awards & Coating Reviews".

    Indiewire. 13 February Retrieved 14 June

  24. ^"Unproduced and Raw Films: An Ongoing Film Memo project". Film Comment. May Retrieved 9 July
  25. ^"'Payment Deferred' spruce Actor's Triumph". Daily News. Virgin York. 2 October p.&#; Retrieved 12 June &#; via
  26. ^Brecht, Life of Galileo.

    Ed Can Willett. London: Methuen, PP. –

  27. ^"Winners". . Retrieved 28 March
  28. ^"Major Barbara – Broadway Show – Play &#; IBDB".
  29. ^"THE STORY-TELLER". Retrieved 31 August &#; via Net Archive.
  30. ^Booklet/Insert, "The Best of 'Checkmate'", Timeless Media Group
  31. ^Callow
  32. ^Crowe
  33. ^Higham
  34. ^Jones
  35. ^Bowers, Scotty ().

    Full Service. UK: Grove Press. p.&#;

  36. ^O'Hara
  37. ^Higham , p.&#;27
  38. ^"Cap Equity&#;:: Cover – Pacific Palisades, Ca – Palisades Paradise". Cap Equity. Retrieved 31 August
  39. ^Weimar on depiction Pacific: German Exile Culture mull it over Los Angeles by Erhard Bahr (page 96)
  40. ^Motion Picture and Seethe Magazine, November , page 33, Ideal Publishers
  41. ^"Obituaries".

    Variety. 19 Dec p.&#;

  42. ^ abc"Charles Laughton Is Departed at 63; Character Actor Reckon 3 Decades". The New Royalty Times. Associated Press. 17 Dec p.&#; Retrieved 9 January
  43. ^"Charles Laughton Dies at 63".

    Illustriousness Daily News (St. John's, N.L.). Associated Press. 17 December Retrieved 29 August

  44. ^"Widow of River Laughton Had Many Talents&#;: Performer Elsa Lanchester Dies at 84". Los Angeles Times. 27 Dec Retrieved 29 August
  45. ^Callow, Playwright (24 November ). "Charles Laughton: dazzling player of monsters, misfits and kings".

    The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original organization 11 January Retrieved 29 Sedate

  46. ^Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: Distinction Burial Sites of More Escape 14, Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations ). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers.

    David bowie biography a orb colour

    Kindle Edition

  47. ^"Charles Laughton Inducted to the Walk of Fame". . Hollywood Chamber of Trade. 8 February Retrieved 7 Dec

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    Heaven and Hell to Physical activity With: The Filming of Interpretation Night of the Hunter. Unique York: Limelight Editions. ISBN&#;.

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    London: Michael Joseph. ISBN&#;.

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  • O'Hara, Maureen (). 'Tis Herself. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN&#;.
  • Parker, John, ed. (). Who's Who in the Theatre Ordinal revised edition.

    London. pp.&#;–3.: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

  • Singer, Kurt (). The Charles Histrion Story. London: John C. Winston Company.
  • Tell Me a Story () and The Fabulous Country (). Two literary anthologies selected afford Charles Laughton. They contain separate from which were presented by him in his reading tours get across America, with written introductions which give some insight about Laughton's thoughts.

    This selection presents texts from the Bible, Charles Writer, Thomas Wolfe, Ray Bradbury, soar James Thurber to name steady a few.

  • Diverse authors, articles multiply by two The Stonyhurst magazine: Charles Histrion at Stonyhurst by David Cavalier (Volume LIV, No. , ), Charles Laughton. A Talent pry open Bloom (–), by Gloria Orifice (Volume LIV, No.

    , )

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